1
, Brain-imaging techniques validate differences in structure of brain
Lower brain volume
Atrophy in frontal lobe
Schizophrenia:a psychotic disorder in which the individual experiences such phenomena as delusions,
hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior
o Chronic condition
o Treatable but not curable
5 Types of Schizophrenia
o Schizophrenia: Paranoid
Person is intensely suspicious toward others
Guarded, tense and/or aloof
Paranoid ideas cannot be corrected by experiences, facts or reality
Defense mechanisms used is to disparage others, projection or hostility
Ideas of references: misinterprets messages of others or gives a private meaning to the message
o Schizophrenia: Catatonic
Rare
Essential feature: abnormal motor behavior
Catatonic Excitement: extreme agitation
S/S eyes glazed over, disengaged, dull yet agitated
Catatonic Stupor: extreme psychomotor retardation, experiences such an anxiety that they become so
disconnected that brain & body literally becomes disconnected, not responding at all (even if falling)
, S/S not perceiving anything outside self at all
Other Behaviors:
Posturing: holding arms/legs rigid for long periods
Waxy flexibility: when placed in awkward position, holds position for long time (like a barbie doll)
Echolalia: repetition of words of another person (imitating words)
Echopraxia: mimicking movement of another person (not on purpose)
o Schizophrenia: Disorganized
Often not helped or recognized
Most regressed and socially impaired of all types
Large numbers of homeless population
Characterized by:
Looseness of associations
Bizarre mannerisms
Incoherent speech
Fragmented and poorly organized hallucinations/delusions
Frequent giggling or grimacing in response to internal stimuli
o Schizophrenia: Undifferentiated and Residual
Undifferentiated (NOS = not otherwise specified)
Active signs of disorder present, but individual does not meet criteria for other types
o Schizophrenia: Residual
Active-phase symptoms no longer present, evidence of residual symptoms: lack of initiative, social
withdrawal, inability to work/study, vague speech, magical thinking
Course of Disease: Schizophrenia
, o Prodromal Stage: s/s that precede that acute fully manifested s/s
Social w/d, deterioration in fx, perceptual disturbances, magical thinking, depressive mood & peculiar
behavior
Can occur up to 2 years prior to the psychotic break
Often missed or dismissed for acting out
o Active Stage: psychotic symptoms are prominent
Positive symptoms (flagrant): delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behaviors
Negative symptoms (subtle): less intensity of emotional expression or flat affect, isolative, anhedonia
(lack of feeling pleasure)
Distorted cognitive symptoms
o Maintenance Stage:
Acute symptoms decrease in severity, especially positive symptoms but do not go away altogether
Symptoms are in remission
Common Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (flagrant)
o Delusions: false, fixed beliefs that cannot be corrected by reasoning
persecutory, grandiose, somatic, control, religious, paranoid, and/or magical
o Hallucinations: sensory perceptions for which no external stimulus exists
auditory, visual, tactile, gustatory (taste), olfactory
o Psychotic Components
Associative looseness: thinking is haphazard, illogical and confused
Neologisms: made-up words that have a symbolic meaning to the individual
Clang association: meaningless rhyming or words. Rhyming is more important than the words
Word Salad: jumble of words together making no sense
o Positive symptoms are highly responsive to medications
1st generation meds: Haldol (great a muffling positive symptoms, not so good with negative symptoms)
2nd generation meds: help with negative symptoms
, Brain-imaging techniques validate differences in structure of brain
Lower brain volume
Atrophy in frontal lobe
Schizophrenia:a psychotic disorder in which the individual experiences such phenomena as delusions,
hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior
o Chronic condition
o Treatable but not curable
5 Types of Schizophrenia
o Schizophrenia: Paranoid
Person is intensely suspicious toward others
Guarded, tense and/or aloof
Paranoid ideas cannot be corrected by experiences, facts or reality
Defense mechanisms used is to disparage others, projection or hostility
Ideas of references: misinterprets messages of others or gives a private meaning to the message
o Schizophrenia: Catatonic
Rare
Essential feature: abnormal motor behavior
Catatonic Excitement: extreme agitation
S/S eyes glazed over, disengaged, dull yet agitated
Catatonic Stupor: extreme psychomotor retardation, experiences such an anxiety that they become so
disconnected that brain & body literally becomes disconnected, not responding at all (even if falling)
, S/S not perceiving anything outside self at all
Other Behaviors:
Posturing: holding arms/legs rigid for long periods
Waxy flexibility: when placed in awkward position, holds position for long time (like a barbie doll)
Echolalia: repetition of words of another person (imitating words)
Echopraxia: mimicking movement of another person (not on purpose)
o Schizophrenia: Disorganized
Often not helped or recognized
Most regressed and socially impaired of all types
Large numbers of homeless population
Characterized by:
Looseness of associations
Bizarre mannerisms
Incoherent speech
Fragmented and poorly organized hallucinations/delusions
Frequent giggling or grimacing in response to internal stimuli
o Schizophrenia: Undifferentiated and Residual
Undifferentiated (NOS = not otherwise specified)
Active signs of disorder present, but individual does not meet criteria for other types
o Schizophrenia: Residual
Active-phase symptoms no longer present, evidence of residual symptoms: lack of initiative, social
withdrawal, inability to work/study, vague speech, magical thinking
Course of Disease: Schizophrenia
, o Prodromal Stage: s/s that precede that acute fully manifested s/s
Social w/d, deterioration in fx, perceptual disturbances, magical thinking, depressive mood & peculiar
behavior
Can occur up to 2 years prior to the psychotic break
Often missed or dismissed for acting out
o Active Stage: psychotic symptoms are prominent
Positive symptoms (flagrant): delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behaviors
Negative symptoms (subtle): less intensity of emotional expression or flat affect, isolative, anhedonia
(lack of feeling pleasure)
Distorted cognitive symptoms
o Maintenance Stage:
Acute symptoms decrease in severity, especially positive symptoms but do not go away altogether
Symptoms are in remission
Common Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms (flagrant)
o Delusions: false, fixed beliefs that cannot be corrected by reasoning
persecutory, grandiose, somatic, control, religious, paranoid, and/or magical
o Hallucinations: sensory perceptions for which no external stimulus exists
auditory, visual, tactile, gustatory (taste), olfactory
o Psychotic Components
Associative looseness: thinking is haphazard, illogical and confused
Neologisms: made-up words that have a symbolic meaning to the individual
Clang association: meaningless rhyming or words. Rhyming is more important than the words
Word Salad: jumble of words together making no sense
o Positive symptoms are highly responsive to medications
1st generation meds: Haldol (great a muffling positive symptoms, not so good with negative symptoms)
2nd generation meds: help with negative symptoms
