HMX Immunology Final Exam Study
Guide 2023 With Complete Solution
Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) - Correct Answer Dendritic cells,
macrophages, and mast cells
Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types) - Correct Answer
Monocytes and neutrophils
Phagocytic immune cells (2 types) - Correct Answer Macrophages and neutrophils
Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? - Correct Answer Neutrophils are
short lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are longer-
lived and will eat apoptotic cells and waste
General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?) -
Correct Answer Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-
inflammatory molecules that interact with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating
leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into tissue
Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation? - Correct
Answer Mast cell
Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls? -
Correct Answer Adhesion molecules
E-Selectin - Correct Answer An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating
leukocytes in innate immune response (low-affinity interaction)
E-Selectin Ligand - Correct Answer A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that
helps them stick to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response
ICAM-1 - Correct Answer An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind
to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response (high-affinity interaction)
Integrins (and the name of a specific one) - Correct Answer A class of adhesion
molecules expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high affinity
interaction during the innate inflammatory response
Stable Arrest - Correct Answer When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the
endothelium thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue
Pus - Correct Answer Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an
inflammatory response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)
, Psoriasis overview - Correct Answer Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques
and arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin and
initiating an inflammatory response
Psoriasis risk factors - Correct Answer History of strep infections, skin injury, first
degree relative with psoriasis
TNF-alpha in psoriasis - Correct Answer A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in
psoriasis that recruits immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells
to produce thickened/raised patches
Psoriasis treatment (biologics) - Correct Answer Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine
TNF-alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial
cells and prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells
Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules - Correct Answer
Susceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue
Most abundant leukocyte - Correct Answer Neutrophils
What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? - Correct Answer
Extracellular bacterial infections
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell - Correct Answer A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses
and releases type 1 interferons
Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing
them - Correct Answer Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral
infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
The Antiviral State - Correct Answer Protective state that cells enter in response to
Type I Interferons; proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA are produced,
infected cells will die, RNAse activity is induced
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - Correct Answer Molecules that are
commonly expressed on pathogens but not vertebrate cells, help distinguish self from
non-self; can be on cell surface or released from cells
Gram-Negative Bacterial PAMPs - Correct Answer Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cell
wall, flagellin
Gram-Positive Bacterial PAMPs - Correct Answer Teichoic acids and peptidoglycan in
cell wall, flagellin
Guide 2023 With Complete Solution
Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) - Correct Answer Dendritic cells,
macrophages, and mast cells
Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types) - Correct Answer
Monocytes and neutrophils
Phagocytic immune cells (2 types) - Correct Answer Macrophages and neutrophils
Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? - Correct Answer Neutrophils are
short lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are longer-
lived and will eat apoptotic cells and waste
General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?) -
Correct Answer Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-
inflammatory molecules that interact with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating
leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into tissue
Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation? - Correct
Answer Mast cell
Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls? -
Correct Answer Adhesion molecules
E-Selectin - Correct Answer An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating
leukocytes in innate immune response (low-affinity interaction)
E-Selectin Ligand - Correct Answer A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that
helps them stick to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response
ICAM-1 - Correct Answer An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind
to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response (high-affinity interaction)
Integrins (and the name of a specific one) - Correct Answer A class of adhesion
molecules expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high affinity
interaction during the innate inflammatory response
Stable Arrest - Correct Answer When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the
endothelium thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue
Pus - Correct Answer Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an
inflammatory response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)
, Psoriasis overview - Correct Answer Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques
and arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin and
initiating an inflammatory response
Psoriasis risk factors - Correct Answer History of strep infections, skin injury, first
degree relative with psoriasis
TNF-alpha in psoriasis - Correct Answer A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in
psoriasis that recruits immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells
to produce thickened/raised patches
Psoriasis treatment (biologics) - Correct Answer Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine
TNF-alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial
cells and prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells
Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules - Correct Answer
Susceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue
Most abundant leukocyte - Correct Answer Neutrophils
What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? - Correct Answer
Extracellular bacterial infections
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell - Correct Answer A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses
and releases type 1 interferons
Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing
them - Correct Answer Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral
infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
The Antiviral State - Correct Answer Protective state that cells enter in response to
Type I Interferons; proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA are produced,
infected cells will die, RNAse activity is induced
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - Correct Answer Molecules that are
commonly expressed on pathogens but not vertebrate cells, help distinguish self from
non-self; can be on cell surface or released from cells
Gram-Negative Bacterial PAMPs - Correct Answer Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cell
wall, flagellin
Gram-Positive Bacterial PAMPs - Correct Answer Teichoic acids and peptidoglycan in
cell wall, flagellin
