Psych 10 review Questions and answers verified A+

Psych 10 review HEURISTICS - Mental shortcuts that allow us to find a solution more quickly ◦ Use prior knowledge of English to predict which letters go together Means-ends heuristic - Reduce the difference between the current state and the goal state ◦ Divide the big problem into smaller problems, & work from current state to goal state ◦ Can work from biggest-to-smallest sub-problem or from current-to-goal state Analogical thinking - what we do when we use information from one domain (the source or analogy) to help solve a problem in another domain (the target). Insight - sudden realization of a solution "aha!" Language - a system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and convey meaning. Words or Morphemes - Stephanie... kiss...ed (words or syllable) Phonemes - S..t..e..f..u..n..e (how something sounds) Phonemes more detail - ◦ Smallest unit of sound in a language ◦ Not the same as the letters of the alphabet! ◦ English has about 40 ◦ Can see regional differences: ◦ Are these words pronounced the same to you?: "cot", "caught" basic sounds in a language, depends on the language metacognition of problem solving - how much your feelings tell you whether or not you'll do well solving a problem fixation - inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective mental set - a frame of mind involving a certain representation of a problem, its context or a procedure for solving it, may cause you to adopt an ineffective strategy behaviorist perspective - -skinner, we learn through reinforcement with language, doesn't account for parents reinforcing bad grammar nativist perspective on language - Chomsky argues that language learning capacities are "built in" to the brain- at birth able to take on any phonemes -consistant with critical period What type of evidence was embraced by structuralists but rejected by behaviorists? a) reaction time b) introspection c) reliability d) function-based evidence - b) introspection If a researcher created two groups by assigning the first 30 people to the experimental group and the last 30 to the control group, the process would violate the principle of: a. Correlational research b. Generalization c. Random assignment d. Variability - c) random assignment Which of the following statements is true of theories in science? a. Good theories lead to a number of testable hypotheses. b. A good hypothesis will support a number of different theories. c. Good theories are complex. d. Both A and C are true. - a. Good theories lead to a number of testable hypotheses. Imagine an experiment where you were interested in finding out how to help people do well on exams in an astronomy class. You randomly assign participants into one of three exam prep groups: 1-additional study and take a practice test, 2-additional study only, or 3- come to the lab and play video games. After participants complete their assigned conditions, they return to the lab three days later and take a final test. What is the dependent variable a. The control group b. The delay between study and test c. The final test d. The test all participants took before signing up for the experiment to see whether they had prior knowledge about the solar system e. The assigned study technique (study + practice test, study only, or video games) - c) the final test As Andre came into the room in which his introductory psychology exam would take place, he noticed that his heart rate had increased due to his __________. As he settled into the test and was able to correctly answer the questions, he calmed down. This response was due to the __________. a. endocrine system; somatic nervous system b. sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system c. endorphins; sympathetic nervous system d. central nervous system; peripheral nervous system - b. sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system Noah surveyed 30 undergraduate students and found that the students who ate more servings of fresh fruit per day also reported getting sick for fewer days during the school year. What is the best conclusion to draw from this study? a. Eating more fruit causes students to get sick less often. b. Being sick less often makes students want to eat more fresh fruit. c. An overall focus on healthy living causes students to both eat healthier and get sick less. d. Eating fresh fruit and days being sick are negatively correlated in this population. e. All of these conclusions are equally valid based on this study. - d. Eating fresh fruit and days being sick are negatively correlated in this population. One research team randomly assigned some newborns and their mothers either to a breastfeeding promotion group (where breastfeeding was encouraged, but not required) or to a normal pediatric care group (where breastfeeding was neither encouraged nor discouraged). Which research method did they use? Select one: a. Naturalistic observation b. Case study c. The correlational method d. Experimentation - d. Experimentation Many people believe in astrology because horoscopes and personality descriptions often contain vague but positive statements. Failure to think critically about those statements demonstrates which kind of bias? Select one: a. The gambler's fallacy b.The Barnum effect c. Perceiving order in random events d. Hindsight bias - b.The Barnum effect A patient, who has a family history of skin cancer, goes in for an examination at the dermatologist's office to check on a suspicious mole. If the dermatologist were aware of this family history, she would be more likely to: Select one: a. Say that the mole was cancerous when it was actually cancerous b. Say that the mole was cancerous when it was not actually cancerous c. Say that the mole was not cancerous when it was actually cancerous d. Say that the mole was not cancerous when it was not actually cancerous e. BOTH (a) and (b) f. BOTH (c) and (d) - b. Say that the mole was cancerous when it was not actually cancerous __________receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord. Select one: a. Interneurons b. Sensory neurons c. Reflexes d. Motor neurons - b. Sensory neurons Which brain structure is associated with balance and coordinated movement? Select one: a. The occipital lobe b. The parietal lobe c. The olfactory bulb d. The cerebellum - d. The cerebellum Which lobe of the brain is primarily associated with planning and decision making? Select one: a. Parietal b. Occipital c. Temporal d. Frontal Correct - d. Frontal Correct During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could only detect them 10% of the time. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's: Select one: a. perceptual set. b. difference threshold. c. vestibular sense. d. absolute threshold - d. absolute threshold The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR (conditioned response) is called: Select one: a. shaping. b. generalization. c. secondary reinforcement. d. acquisition. e. spontaneous recovery. - e. spontaneous recovery. Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a _________________ schedule of reinforcement. Select one: a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio - b. fixed ratio Barbie asks Bruce where he was born. Bruce replies, "I was born in Sydney." What type of memory is Bruce retrieving? Select one: a. Semantic b. Episodic c. Implicit d. None of the above. - a. Semantic