Test Bank - Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children (8th Edition)
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial
lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?
a. Hyperplasia
b. Metaplasia
c. Dysplasia
d. Anaplasia
ANS: B
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another, sometimes a lessdifferentiated
cell type. The best example of metaplasia is the replacement of normal columnarciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial (airway) lining by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The other options do not
accurately describe the event in the question.
, Test Bank - Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children (8th Edition)
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
2. What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do?
a. Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca)
b. Shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl)
c. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl)
d. Swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO)
ANS: C
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane’s sodium–potassium (Na+–K+) pump and
sodium–calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium
and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+–K+ pump is discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and
water can then freely enter the cell, and cellular swelling results. The other options do not accurately
describe the result of ATP at the cellular level.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
3. The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of what hormonal process?
a. Atrophy
b. Hyperplasia
c. Anaplasia
d. Dysplasia
ANS: B
Hormonal hyperplasia occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs, such as the uterus and breast.
Atrophy is a decrease or shrinkage in cellular size. Anaplasia is a condition of poor cellular
differentiation, a characteristic of cancer cells. Dysplasia is a change in the size, shape, and
organization of mature cells.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
4. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?
a. Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease
b. Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis
c. Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease
d. Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia
ANS: A
Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play major roles in the initiation and progression
of cardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension,
ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure. Free radical damage is not a contributing mechanism
for the renal, gastrointestinal, or muscular diseases listed.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
5. How do free radicals cause cell damage?
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial
lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?
a. Hyperplasia
b. Metaplasia
c. Dysplasia
d. Anaplasia
ANS: B
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another, sometimes a lessdifferentiated
cell type. The best example of metaplasia is the replacement of normal columnarciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial (airway) lining by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The other options do not
accurately describe the event in the question.
, Test Bank - Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children (8th Edition)
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
2. What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do?
a. Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca)
b. Shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl)
c. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl)
d. Swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO)
ANS: C
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane’s sodium–potassium (Na+–K+) pump and
sodium–calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium
and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+–K+ pump is discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and
water can then freely enter the cell, and cellular swelling results. The other options do not accurately
describe the result of ATP at the cellular level.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
3. The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of what hormonal process?
a. Atrophy
b. Hyperplasia
c. Anaplasia
d. Dysplasia
ANS: B
Hormonal hyperplasia occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs, such as the uterus and breast.
Atrophy is a decrease or shrinkage in cellular size. Anaplasia is a condition of poor cellular
differentiation, a characteristic of cancer cells. Dysplasia is a change in the size, shape, and
organization of mature cells.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
4. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?
a. Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease
b. Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis
c. Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease
d. Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia
ANS: A
Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play major roles in the initiation and progression
of cardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension,
ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure. Free radical damage is not a contributing mechanism
for the renal, gastrointestinal, or muscular diseases listed.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
5. How do free radicals cause cell damage?
