Sport Psychology: Revision Notes
PERSONALITY:
Personality = the collection of distinctive characteristics of an individual which are specific to them
= comes from beliefs, values, behavior
Types of Personality:
Introvert energy is lost during social situations
shy, focused, participate in individual sports
Extrovert become energized in social situations
social, loud, aggressive, participate in team sports
Trait Theory (Cattell): B = f(P) Nature
Personality is inherited by our genes (innate + heredity)
Stable behavior (enduring/long lasting)
Natural inclination
Type A:
i. Competitive
ii. Works fast
iii. Prone to stress
iv. Desire to succeed
v. Controlling
Type B:
i. Non-competitive
ii. Works slow
iii. Less stress
iv. Lacks desire to succeed
v. No control
Social Learning Theory (Bandura): B = f(E) Nurture
All behavior is learnt
Socialization – adjusting to society
Observation of significant others – to copy/model others
Interactionist Theory (Lewin & Hollander): B = f(PxE)
A combination of trait and social learning theories
Genetically inherited traits are triggered by the environment
1. Psychological core (Traits)
2. Typical response
3. Role-related behavior (Environment)
ATTITUDE:
,Attitude = an enduring emotional feeling that alters the response given towards a specific situation
= formed based of belief or opinion
Attitude formation:
Stereotypes
Based on past experiences
Societal norms (myths stereotypes prejudice discrimination self-fulfilling prophecy)
Role models (eg: significant others)
Triadic model:
A = Affective how an individual feels about an attitude object
B = Behavioral how an individua acts towards an attitude object
C = Cognitive how an individual thinks regarding an attitude object
- Attitude:
A = feeling (e.g.: fear)
B = behavior (doing)
C = knowing (e.g.: drowning)
+ Attitude:
A = make it fun // feeling on security
B = rewards // encouragement
C = inform // showing
Changing attitude:
1. Cognitive Dissonance disruption of the triadic model
2. Persuasive Communication verbally making relevant points, to change another person’s attitude
towards an object (changing the attitude based on communication used and must come from a
significant)
a. Effectiveness dependent on: the persuaders and receivers characteristics // the quality of the
message // the situation
AROUSAL:
, Arousal = the energized state of readiness
Theory: Diagram: Explanation:
Drive theory As arousal increases so does
the likelihood of dominant
response
Inverted U As arousal increases so does
Theory performance to a certain level
Optimal arousal aocurs at
moderate levels
Factors affecting optimal
arousal (personality, nature of
task, skill of performer)
Catastrophe Performers need optimum
Theory levels of arousal to perform
their best
Overarousal = decrease in
performance
Recovery can occur = varies
depending on the level of over
arousal
Performer can also decrease
and not recover at all
IZOF = individual zone of optimal functioning
Some performers have a wide range of optimal arousal levels / different bad widths of optimal arousal
Peak flow:
Good selective attention
Skills feel effortless
Clear goals
High levels of confidence / self-efficacy
Sub concious feeling of control (IZOF)
ANXIETY:
Anxiety = a negative concept of being nervous or worried
PERSONALITY:
Personality = the collection of distinctive characteristics of an individual which are specific to them
= comes from beliefs, values, behavior
Types of Personality:
Introvert energy is lost during social situations
shy, focused, participate in individual sports
Extrovert become energized in social situations
social, loud, aggressive, participate in team sports
Trait Theory (Cattell): B = f(P) Nature
Personality is inherited by our genes (innate + heredity)
Stable behavior (enduring/long lasting)
Natural inclination
Type A:
i. Competitive
ii. Works fast
iii. Prone to stress
iv. Desire to succeed
v. Controlling
Type B:
i. Non-competitive
ii. Works slow
iii. Less stress
iv. Lacks desire to succeed
v. No control
Social Learning Theory (Bandura): B = f(E) Nurture
All behavior is learnt
Socialization – adjusting to society
Observation of significant others – to copy/model others
Interactionist Theory (Lewin & Hollander): B = f(PxE)
A combination of trait and social learning theories
Genetically inherited traits are triggered by the environment
1. Psychological core (Traits)
2. Typical response
3. Role-related behavior (Environment)
ATTITUDE:
,Attitude = an enduring emotional feeling that alters the response given towards a specific situation
= formed based of belief or opinion
Attitude formation:
Stereotypes
Based on past experiences
Societal norms (myths stereotypes prejudice discrimination self-fulfilling prophecy)
Role models (eg: significant others)
Triadic model:
A = Affective how an individual feels about an attitude object
B = Behavioral how an individua acts towards an attitude object
C = Cognitive how an individual thinks regarding an attitude object
- Attitude:
A = feeling (e.g.: fear)
B = behavior (doing)
C = knowing (e.g.: drowning)
+ Attitude:
A = make it fun // feeling on security
B = rewards // encouragement
C = inform // showing
Changing attitude:
1. Cognitive Dissonance disruption of the triadic model
2. Persuasive Communication verbally making relevant points, to change another person’s attitude
towards an object (changing the attitude based on communication used and must come from a
significant)
a. Effectiveness dependent on: the persuaders and receivers characteristics // the quality of the
message // the situation
AROUSAL:
, Arousal = the energized state of readiness
Theory: Diagram: Explanation:
Drive theory As arousal increases so does
the likelihood of dominant
response
Inverted U As arousal increases so does
Theory performance to a certain level
Optimal arousal aocurs at
moderate levels
Factors affecting optimal
arousal (personality, nature of
task, skill of performer)
Catastrophe Performers need optimum
Theory levels of arousal to perform
their best
Overarousal = decrease in
performance
Recovery can occur = varies
depending on the level of over
arousal
Performer can also decrease
and not recover at all
IZOF = individual zone of optimal functioning
Some performers have a wide range of optimal arousal levels / different bad widths of optimal arousal
Peak flow:
Good selective attention
Skills feel effortless
Clear goals
High levels of confidence / self-efficacy
Sub concious feeling of control (IZOF)
ANXIETY:
Anxiety = a negative concept of being nervous or worried
