Principles of Biology Module 2 Notes

These notes cover everything in Module 2 (Chapters 6-10) of BIOL1020 in depth with descriptions and diagrams. Chapter 6 starts with cells and covers prokaryotes, eukaryotes, all of the organelles, and different types of microscopy that is used to view cells. There is especially thorough information on each of the organelles and their structure and function. Chapter 7 goes in depth on the structure and function of membranes and membrane proteins. It also covers the different types of transport, passive and active, diffusion, and what happens to cells when placed in hypertonic or hypotonic solutions. Chapter 8 is an introduction to metabolism that covers the different metabolic pathways, anabolic and catabolic, the forms of energy, the laws of thermodynamics, free energy, equilibrium, enzymes and enzyme inhibition, and allosteric regulation. Chapter 9 goes in depth on cellular respiration and fermentation, first covering REDOX reactions before covering each of the three stages of cell respiration: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation/the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Chapter 9 is complete with color coded diagrams that detail the reactants and products of each stage of cell respiration. It ends with detailed diagrams of fermentation and a discussion of anaerobic and aerobic pathways. Chapter 10 is all about photosynthesis, also complete with detailed diagrams and descriptions. It starts with autotrophs vs heterotrophs, then discusses the site of photosynthesis before going into each of the processes: photosystem II and photosystem I. It ends with the Calvin Cycle and a discussion of how plants have evolved for photorespiration.