Chapter 05 Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases TEST BANK PATHOPHYSIOLOGY THE BIOLOGIC BASIS FOR DISEASE IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN

1. The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example of which concept? a. Incidence b. Prevalence c. Ratio d. Risk ANS: B Prevalence rate is the proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific point in time. Thus both the incidence rate and the length of the survival period in affected individuals determine prevalence. The incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period (typically 1 year), divided by the number of individuals in the population. A numerical expression representing a part of a larger whole or proportion is considered a ratio. Any factor that increases the chance of disease or injury is considered a risk. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 2. The ratio of the disease among the exposed population to the disease rate in an unexposed population is referred to as what type of risk? a. Attributable b. Contingency c. Causal d. Relative ANS: D A common measure of the effect of a specific risk factor is the relative risk. Assuming a factor is the cause of a disease, attributable risk is the amount of risk that is due to that factor. A future event or circumstance that is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty is a contingency risk. The probability of the outcome is termed a causal risk factor. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 3. What are empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on? a. Chromosomal testing b. Direct observation c. Liability thresholds d. Relative risks ANS: B For most multifactorial diseases, empirical risks (i.e., risks based on direct observation of data) have been derived. Chromosomal testing, liability thresholds, and relative risks are not the basis for determining the empirical risk of most multifactorial diseases. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 4. What is the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)? a. Diet high in saturated fats b. Increased production of cholesterol by the liver c. Reduction in the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cell surfaces d. Abnormal function of lipoprotein receptors circulating in the blood ANS: C A reduction in the number of functional LDL receptors on cell surfaces causes FH. Lacking the normal number of LDL receptors, cellular cholesterol uptake is reduced and circulating cholesterol levels increase. High dietary fat intake, increased cholesterol production, and abnormal circulating lipoprotein receptors are not the basis for developing familial FH. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 5. Which risk factor for hypertension is influenced by genetic factors and lifestyle? a. Sodium intake b. Physical inactivity c. Psychosocial stress d. Obesity