Week 6 - Respiratory System

Week 6 - Respiratory System Week 6 - Respiratory System List the functions of the respiratory system - ANS Exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide / Voice production / Body temperature regulation / Acid-base balance regulation / Sense of smell External Respiration - ANS Occurs in the lungs / The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air inhaled in the lungs and the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries Internal Respiration - ANS Occurs all over the body / The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in the capillaries all over the body (systemic capillaries) and all of the cells and tissues of the body List the components of the Upper Respiratory system and the function of each component - ANS Nostrils - Warm air on inhalation and remove moisture on exhalation / Nasal passages - filter and moderate temperature / Pharynx - allows for movement of air from the nose and mouth to the larynx / Larynx - Allows air to pass through while keeping food and drink from blocking the airway / Trachea - (Windpipe); Provides air flow to and from the lungs List the components of the Lower Respiratory system and the function of each component - ANS Bronchi - Shuttle air to and from the lungs / Bronchioles - Ensure that incoming air is supplied to each alveolus / Alveolar ducts - Connect bronchioles to alveolar sacs / Alveoli - Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the bloodstream What are the anatomical divisions of the pharynx and describe each - ANS Nasopharynx (behind the nose) - Connects the nose to the mouth, allowing one to breathe through the nose / Oropharynx (behind the mouth from the soft palate to the hyoid bone) - Passageway for food moving from the mouth to the esophagus and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity / Laryngopharynx (hyoid bone to the esophagus) - Passageway for food and air; Guides food and air where to go What is the bronchial tree and why is it named this? - ANS Air passageways that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli / Named because they divide into smaller and smaller passageways much like the branching of a tree The pharynx is common to what two body systems? - ANS Respiratory and Digestive systems Define and describe Pleura - ANS Each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs - Serous membrane which folds back onto itself to form a two-layered membranous pleural sac Define and describe the parietal layer of pleura and the visceral layer of pleura - ANS Parietal layer lines the entire thoracic cavity while the visceral layer of the pleura covers the soft organs / Visceral layer covers the abdominal organs and the parietal layer of the peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity What is the pleural space? What is it filled with and what does this fluid do? - ANS Thin, fluid-filled space between the two pulmonary pleurae (visceral and parietal) of each lung. What are the four clinical signs commonly associated with URD (Upper Respiratory Disorders)? - ANS Nasal discharge / Sneezing / Coughing / Stridor / Stertor Why do you want to take radiographs prior to visual examination of the nasal cavity? - ANS Manipulation of the tissue in the nasal cavity can result in intranasal bleeding, which can obscure radiographic interpretation / Radiographic interpretation of the nasal cavity and the sinuses dictates that the clinician has a thorough understanding of the anatomy of the upper respiratory tract About how much of the nasal cavity in dogs may be visualized using an otoscope speculum? - ANS Proximal 20-25% of the nasal cavity in most dogs What do you need to examine the caudal 75% of the nasal cavity? - ANS A small diameter otoscope / MRI or computed tomography are other options but are more expensive What are the seven most common differential diagnoses for sneezing and / or nasal discharge? - ANS Oronasal Fistula - common in middle aged to older dogs. Diagnosis is confirmed by probing the gingival sulcus of the upper canine teeth / Nasal neoplasia - Most commonly reported in dogs between eight and ten years of age, with no predisposed breed, but uncommon in brachycephalic breeds. / Mycotic rhinitis - Difficult to distinguish from neoplasia. Erosion of external nares is an important physical finding. Radiographs help to diagnose turbinate destruction. / Lymphoplasmacytic Rhinitis - Young to middle aged, large breed dogs are most commonly affected. Nasal biopsy for diagnosis. / Foreign body / Infections (Bacterial / Viral) / Parasitic Does exposure to tobacco smoke increase the risk of development of nasal neoplasia? - ANS Exposure to tobacco smoke has been associated with 2.5 times greater of a risk in long-nosed dogs Epistaxis - ANS Bleeding from the nose Unilateral vs. Bilateral Discharge - ANS Discharge from one side of the nose vs. Discharge from both sides of the nose Mucopurulent - ANS Fluid containing mucus and pus, discharged from the eye, nose, etc. due to infection and inflammation Dyspnea - ANS Difficult or labored breathing Stridor - ANS High-pitched, wheezing sound caused by disrupted airflow Stertor - ANS Respiratory sound characterized by heaving snoring or gasping. Rhinitis - ANS Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose Sinusitis - ANS Inflammation of the nasal sinuses Tachypnea - ANS Abnormally rapid breathing Tachycardia - ANS Abnormally rapid heart rate Cyanosis - ANS A bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood Hypoxemia - ANS Abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood Aspiration - ANS Inhalation of a foreign object, such as fluids (aspiration pneumonia) Orthopnea - ANS Shortness of breath that occurs when lying flat Nebulization - ANS Delivery of drugs in the form of a mist, inhaled into the lungs (nebulizer) Coupage - ANS Striking the chest gently but firmly with cupped hands - helps to clear secretions from the lungs Thrombus - ANS A blood clot formed within the vascular system of the body and impeding blood flow Embolus - ANS A blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object which has been carried in the bloodstream to lodge in a vessel and cause an embolism What clinical signs can be seen with pleural disease? - ANS Pleural effusion / Pneumothorax / Dyspnea / Abdominal breathing / Severe compression of the cardiac atria / Pleuritis What are the two main components of treatment of pleural diseases? - ANS Providing oxygen to the patient / Thoracocentesis to remove fluid that is surrounding the lungs / In some cases, a chest tube may be placed to allow repeated fluid drainage Pleural Effusion - ANS Abnormal accumulation of fluid within the chest cavity What are two techniques used to remove pleural fluid or air? - ANS Thoracocentesis / Thoracostomy tube placement Chyle - ANS A milky fluid containing fat droplets, which drains from the lacteals of the small intestine into the lymphatic system during digestion Know the occurrence, species / breed affected, and the most common types of tumors of the nose / sinuses - ANS The incidence is twice that than in cats / Higher in males of cats and dogs / Mean age of diagnosis is 10.5 years in dogs and 12 years in cats / 80% malignant, 60-70% carcinomas (adenocarcinoma is most common) in dogs / In dogs, ethmoturbinates tend to be the site of predilection What are some clinical signs associated with neoplasias of the respiratory system? (Including neoplasias of the nose, sinuses, larynx, trachea, and lungs) - ANS Chronic nasal discharge (bilateral and unilateral) - can be mucoid, mucopurulent, or serosanguineous What is meant by "Primary" and "Secondary" lung tumors? - ANS Primary tumors are the original tumors found in the lungs while secondary tumors care tumors that occur through metastasis from a primary tumor Which is more common in dogs and cats - Primary or Secondary lung tumors? - ANS Primary lung tumors are rare in cats and dogs What are the four primary tumors in other parts of the body that commonly tend to metastasize to the lungs? - ANS Mammary adenocarcinoma / Osteosarcoma / Hemangiosarcoma / Oral melanoma What are three reasons why the incidence of primary lung tumors has increased in the last twenty years? - ANS Attributed to an increase in average lifespan, better detection and awareness, and possibly an increase in exposure to environmental carcinogens About how large do the nodules need to be before you can see them well on radiographs? - ANS Greater than or equal to 3 mm in diameter