Sanyal argues that “planning culture” helps explain the huge variation in what planners in
different countries do and how influential they are. He concludes that planning cultures are
not immutable - they evolve with social, political and economic changes both within and
outside national territory. Today global interconnections in trade, capital flows, labor
migration, and technological connectivity are challenging previously dominant planning
cultures and leading to the formation of new planning cultures that combine both old and
new elements: what Sanyal terms “hybrid” planning cultures.
different countries do and how influential they are. He concludes that planning cultures are
not immutable - they evolve with social, political and economic changes both within and
outside national territory. Today global interconnections in trade, capital flows, labor
migration, and technological connectivity are challenging previously dominant planning
cultures and leading to the formation of new planning cultures that combine both old and
new elements: what Sanyal terms “hybrid” planning cultures.
