Arnstein uses the metaphor of a ladder to describe gradations of citizen’s participation in
urban programs and development decisions that affect their lives. Her ladder represents a
hypothetical model. Arnstein makes clear her own personal commitment to a redistribution of
power from haves to have-nots by empowering the poor and powerless.
Ladder:
Citizen control
Delegated power
Partnership
Placation
Consultation
Informing
Therapy
Manipulation
Zie slide 41 lecture 26-10! En de slide van lecture 24-10!!
urban programs and development decisions that affect their lives. Her ladder represents a
hypothetical model. Arnstein makes clear her own personal commitment to a redistribution of
power from haves to have-nots by empowering the poor and powerless.
Ladder:
Citizen control
Delegated power
Partnership
Placation
Consultation
Informing
Therapy
Manipulation
Zie slide 41 lecture 26-10! En de slide van lecture 24-10!!
