US Presidency
Head of State
- Public representatives through ceremonial duties e.g. Bush during 9/11 addressed the nation
from the Oval office to lift spirits. Trump was unsuccessful during Covid and ration to BLM
- Allows P to exert power- Ps have often engaged in media e.g. Trump used Twitter to set
agenda and bypass white house press corps
Head of gov
- Chief executive by constitutional powers
Formal powers Informal powers
Executive powers The cabinet- not mentioned in constitution-
- Chief executive of federal gov- EXOP advisory group
helps them coordinate
- Prepares annual budget- OMB dares up
bidet for P which P submits to congress-
bargaining process- lengthy if congress
and P are diff parties- has led to
gridlock and gov shutdowns
Legislative powers EXOP- contains tip staff agencies in the white
- Proposign leg- may do through state of house that assist the P in carrying out
union address (e.g. trump announced responsibilities of P
his crackdown on immigration and - 1939 Roosevelt ‘needs help’ in running
guantanamo bay) or press conf federal gov:
- Signing leg - Increased size and
- Voting leg- Ps have used over 1500
industrialization- more
vetoes-congress can override veto but
is rarely successful e.g. congress did departments
override Obama's veto of the Justice - Great Depression
against sponsors of terrorism act, but - US about to become player in
obama made 12 in total. world politics
- Pocket veto- can’t be overridden by - Trumps saw an 86% turnover of EXOP
congress- P Bush used 15
Appointment powers Powers of persuasion- personal influence to
- Nominating Executive officials- most make deals
important are the heads of the 15 exec - Easier is a unified gov
departments - Even so there is no guarantee e.g.
- Nominating federal judges- to SC and Clinton failed to pass healthcare reform
district and circuit courts- confirmed by Rules:
simple maj in senate -exploit the ‘honeymoon’ period e.g. Barak
appointed roles in cabinet quickly but Trump
was slower hindering his early months
-appoint a chief of staff who is a good political
operator e.g. Bush appointed long serving one
-used closed discussion when forming detail but
be open to ‘selling’ final programme e.g. Biden
reached out to all sections of his party rallying
around the American Rescue Plan 2021 ($1.9t
stimulus for those struggling in covid
-Build pride like Bush did in first 6y, uniting on
war on terror. Trump failed due to high turnover.
Ps loose loyalty becoming lame duck Ps
Foreign policy White house office- personal office of P
, - Acting as commander in chief- containing staff who help communication w/
particularly important from 1940s-80s congress, departments, press etc
and after 9/11- Trump criticised NATO -Most trusted aides
countries for not paying enough to -Made up of over 30 offices
defence- called america the ‘world's -Run by the white house chief of staff:
policeman’- congress is weak in foreign
- Some like Don Regan (under Reagan)
affairs- congress’ power to declare war
not used since 1941- congress odes became almost a deputy P
have power of purse which checks P - Protests P interest
war powers- nuclear football - Chief of staff Andrew Card whispered
- Negotiating treaties e.g. the Arms into BUsh’s ear on the morning of 9/11-
Reduction Treaty and the Chemical ‘America is under attack’
Weapons Ban and nuclear arms treaty - Trump didn't respect the role of chief of
with russia by obama- senate ratifies
staff- fired his first on twitter bu
treaties by ⅔- senate rejected the TOV
announcing replacement John Kelly-
Trump leaked his resignation to the
press
- Biden recognises the importance of
chief of staff appointing experienced
Ron Klain who served as chief of staff to
Biden when he was VP
Pardons e.g. 1974 Ford pardoned Nixon over Executive orders- direct authority- issued by Ps
watergate + Clinton on his final day pardoned frustrated by congress
140 people - power outside of constitution
- Drafted in departments and sometimes
OMB
- Purpose is to instruct federal gov
regarding leg enforcement
- Obama was sceptical of them but still
used them- ‘i've got a pen and ive got
a phone and i can use that pen to
sign executive orders’
- Trump's travel ban to protect US from
terrorists
- They're easy to revoke e.g. Biden
revoked many of Trump's e.g. wall
- Orders can be ruled unconstitutional
Executive agreements - between P and foreign
nation- avoid process of ratification by congress
- Esp useful when senate is controlled by
other party
- E.g. Paris Agreement by Obama which
Biden rejoined
Office of management and budget (OMB)
- Created by nixon
- Functions: advises P of allocation of
funds, oversea spending of all
departments, act as clearing house for
leg and regulatory initiatives form
executive branch
National security council- part of EXOP
Head of State
- Public representatives through ceremonial duties e.g. Bush during 9/11 addressed the nation
from the Oval office to lift spirits. Trump was unsuccessful during Covid and ration to BLM
- Allows P to exert power- Ps have often engaged in media e.g. Trump used Twitter to set
agenda and bypass white house press corps
Head of gov
- Chief executive by constitutional powers
Formal powers Informal powers
Executive powers The cabinet- not mentioned in constitution-
- Chief executive of federal gov- EXOP advisory group
helps them coordinate
- Prepares annual budget- OMB dares up
bidet for P which P submits to congress-
bargaining process- lengthy if congress
and P are diff parties- has led to
gridlock and gov shutdowns
Legislative powers EXOP- contains tip staff agencies in the white
- Proposign leg- may do through state of house that assist the P in carrying out
union address (e.g. trump announced responsibilities of P
his crackdown on immigration and - 1939 Roosevelt ‘needs help’ in running
guantanamo bay) or press conf federal gov:
- Signing leg - Increased size and
- Voting leg- Ps have used over 1500
industrialization- more
vetoes-congress can override veto but
is rarely successful e.g. congress did departments
override Obama's veto of the Justice - Great Depression
against sponsors of terrorism act, but - US about to become player in
obama made 12 in total. world politics
- Pocket veto- can’t be overridden by - Trumps saw an 86% turnover of EXOP
congress- P Bush used 15
Appointment powers Powers of persuasion- personal influence to
- Nominating Executive officials- most make deals
important are the heads of the 15 exec - Easier is a unified gov
departments - Even so there is no guarantee e.g.
- Nominating federal judges- to SC and Clinton failed to pass healthcare reform
district and circuit courts- confirmed by Rules:
simple maj in senate -exploit the ‘honeymoon’ period e.g. Barak
appointed roles in cabinet quickly but Trump
was slower hindering his early months
-appoint a chief of staff who is a good political
operator e.g. Bush appointed long serving one
-used closed discussion when forming detail but
be open to ‘selling’ final programme e.g. Biden
reached out to all sections of his party rallying
around the American Rescue Plan 2021 ($1.9t
stimulus for those struggling in covid
-Build pride like Bush did in first 6y, uniting on
war on terror. Trump failed due to high turnover.
Ps loose loyalty becoming lame duck Ps
Foreign policy White house office- personal office of P
, - Acting as commander in chief- containing staff who help communication w/
particularly important from 1940s-80s congress, departments, press etc
and after 9/11- Trump criticised NATO -Most trusted aides
countries for not paying enough to -Made up of over 30 offices
defence- called america the ‘world's -Run by the white house chief of staff:
policeman’- congress is weak in foreign
- Some like Don Regan (under Reagan)
affairs- congress’ power to declare war
not used since 1941- congress odes became almost a deputy P
have power of purse which checks P - Protests P interest
war powers- nuclear football - Chief of staff Andrew Card whispered
- Negotiating treaties e.g. the Arms into BUsh’s ear on the morning of 9/11-
Reduction Treaty and the Chemical ‘America is under attack’
Weapons Ban and nuclear arms treaty - Trump didn't respect the role of chief of
with russia by obama- senate ratifies
staff- fired his first on twitter bu
treaties by ⅔- senate rejected the TOV
announcing replacement John Kelly-
Trump leaked his resignation to the
press
- Biden recognises the importance of
chief of staff appointing experienced
Ron Klain who served as chief of staff to
Biden when he was VP
Pardons e.g. 1974 Ford pardoned Nixon over Executive orders- direct authority- issued by Ps
watergate + Clinton on his final day pardoned frustrated by congress
140 people - power outside of constitution
- Drafted in departments and sometimes
OMB
- Purpose is to instruct federal gov
regarding leg enforcement
- Obama was sceptical of them but still
used them- ‘i've got a pen and ive got
a phone and i can use that pen to
sign executive orders’
- Trump's travel ban to protect US from
terrorists
- They're easy to revoke e.g. Biden
revoked many of Trump's e.g. wall
- Orders can be ruled unconstitutional
Executive agreements - between P and foreign
nation- avoid process of ratification by congress
- Esp useful when senate is controlled by
other party
- E.g. Paris Agreement by Obama which
Biden rejoined
Office of management and budget (OMB)
- Created by nixon
- Functions: advises P of allocation of
funds, oversea spending of all
departments, act as clearing house for
leg and regulatory initiatives form
executive branch
National security council- part of EXOP
