CDASA 1 CREATIVE AND CRITICAL THINKING|2023/24 UPDATE|GRADED A+

Critical Thinking form of cognition that enables evaulative and deterministic activities; quality of sources, identifying assumptions Creative Thinking generates new and unidentified connections to broaden perspectives; identifying new sources, developing new scenarios for future outcomes Mind-set What people perceive, how they perceive it, and how they process information Mind-set influencing factors past experience education cultural values role requirements organizational norms specifics of information received Mind-set disadvantage can color and control our perceptions--making slow to react to new information Mind-set advantage helps keep production on track and maintain awareness during lulls in major crisis Principles of Perception 1. we tend to perceive what we expect to perceive 2. mind-sets tend to be quick to form, resistant to change 3. new information is assimilated into existing images 4. initial exposure to blurred or ambiguous stimuli interferes with accurate information Cognitive Bias 1. Caused by limitations where mind employs simplifying strategies to ease mental processing 2. Not caused by emotional/intellectual predisposition, subconscious 3. Mental error that is consistent and predictable List of Cognitive Biases Fundamental Attribution error Confirmation bias Self-serving bias Belief bias Framing Hindsight bias Cognitive bias--Fundamental Attribution Error AKA correspondence bias; over-emphasize personality-based behaviors in others while under-emphasizing the role and power of situational influences on the same behavior Cognitive bias--Confirmation bias search/interpret information in way that confirms ones preconceptions; discredit information that does not support their view Cognitive bias--Self-serving bias claim more responsibility for successes than failures; interpret ambiguous information in a way beneficial to own interest Cognitive bias--Belief bias evaluation of logical strength of argument is biased by belief in truth/falsity of conclusion Cognitive bias--Framing using too narrow approach and description of the situation or issue Cognitive bias--Hindsight bias the "I knew it all along" effect; inclination to see past events as being predictable Primary Heuristic Principles Representativeness Availability Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic Principle #1--Representativeness probabilities are evaluated by the degree to which 'A' is representative of 'B'; analysis of 'a' is influenced by similarities to 'b' based on stereotypes; perceive most likely outcome based on similarities; results in serious error in judgement Fallacies associated with Heuristic Principle #1-Representativeness Insensitivity to Prior Probability of Outcomes Insensitivity to Sample Size Misconceptions of Chance Insensitivity to Predictability Illusion of Validity Misconception of Regression Fallacies of Representativeness--Insensitivity to Prior Probability of Outcomes occurs when prior probabilities of outcome are neglected; tendency to favor the 'most similar' outcome to issue; base-rate frequency must be considered Fallacies of Representativeness--Insensitivity of Sample Size occurs when a judged probability of sample statistic is made independent of sample size; judges likelihood of sample result on similarity of result to population, NOT the sample size Fallacies of Representativeness--Misconceptions of Chance people tend to expect that a sequence of events generated randomly will represent characteristics of the process; coin toss example & gambler's fallacy (streak); chance is not self-correcting Fallacies of Representativeness--Insensitivity to Predictability occurs when predict an outcome based on how favorable the description of issue appears; favorable prediction = favorable outcome; violates normative statistical theory that extremeness and range of predictions are controlled by considerations of predictability Fallacies of Representativeness--The Illusion of Validity unwarranted confidence produced by 'good fit' between predicted outcome and input information; internal consistency of pattern of inputs is major factor of one's confidence; must consider inputs that have established validity Fallacies of Representativeness--Misconceptions of Regression variations will normally regress toward mean; failure to understand regression leads to overestimation of actions to produce 'course correction'; providing positive/negative stimuli doesn't impact whether situation will improve or deteriorate Biases associated with Heuristic Principle #2--Availability Biases due to Retrievability of Instances Biases due to Effectiveness of a Search Set Biases of Imagineability Illusory Correlation