SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Test Observation Inference
I. Physical characteristics :
1. State Solid (or) Liquid (or)
Crystalline solid (or)
Amorphous
2. Colour
3. Odour Odourless (or) pleasant odour
or fishy odour or bitter almond
or pungent odour or phenolic
odour or characteristic odour
No specific odour
4. Melting point (or) Boiling point
II. Solubility :
A. Water (cold) Soluble
Litmus test Blue litmus to red litmus May be neutral or acidic or
Red litmus to blue litmus basic
B. Aqueous NaHCO3 Soluble with brisk May be carboxylic acid
effervescence and regenerate group is present
by dil. HCl
C. dil. NaOH Soluble and regenerate by dil. May be an acidic compound
HCl
D. dil. HCl Soluble and regenerate by May be an basic compound
NaOH
E. Ether Soluble May be an neutral
compound
1) Lassaignes test :
A small piece of freshly cut sodium metal is placed in an ignition tube and is heated to
melt. Two drops or two crystals of the compound is added to it and is again heated gently and
further heated strongly to red hot. The red hot tube is placed in mortar with 10.0 ml of distilled
water and is grinded with a piston and filtered. The filtrate is called as “Sodium Fusion Extract”.
Test Observation Inference
a) Test for Nitrogen :
Pour 2 ml of filtered fusion extract in a
test tube. To it add 0.1-0.2 gms of
A Prussian blue colour is
powdered iron (II) sulphate crystals. Heat Nitrogen is present
observed.
the mixture gently until it boils, cool it and
add dil. H2SO4 to dissolve Ironhydroxide
and gives acidic solution
, b) Test for Halogens :
To the fusion extract add dil.HNO3 and If white ppt is observed and Chlorine is present.
excess of silver nitrate solution. readily soluble in ammonia
solution
If pale yellow colour is Bromine is present.
observed and difficult to
soluble in ammonia
If it is yellow in colour and Iodine is present.
insoluble in ammonia
solution.
c) Test for Sulphur :
The fusion extract is acidified with dil.
acetic acid and few drops of lead acetate is Black ppt is observed. Sulphur is present.
added.
2) Flame Test :
The Compound is taken on a glass rod and Soothy flame is observed. May be aromatic
kept into the flame.
Non-Soothy flame is May be aliphatic
observed. compound.
Burnt sugar smell is
May be Carbohydrates.
observed.
3) Litmus Test :
(If water soluble). Blue litmus to red litmus. May be acidic compound.
Compound is dissolved in water and tested
with litmus paper. Red litmus to blue litmus May be basic compound.
4) Test for Phenols :
a) Ferric Chloride test: Violet (or) purple or dark May be phenolic group is
Compound is dissolved in water (or) blue or green colourization present.
methanol (or) ethanol and 2-3 drops of is observed.
neutral Fecl3 is added.
b) Bromine water test: White ppt is formed May be phenolic group.
Compound is dissolved in water and
bromine in water is added.
Test Observation Inference
I. Physical characteristics :
1. State Solid (or) Liquid (or)
Crystalline solid (or)
Amorphous
2. Colour
3. Odour Odourless (or) pleasant odour
or fishy odour or bitter almond
or pungent odour or phenolic
odour or characteristic odour
No specific odour
4. Melting point (or) Boiling point
II. Solubility :
A. Water (cold) Soluble
Litmus test Blue litmus to red litmus May be neutral or acidic or
Red litmus to blue litmus basic
B. Aqueous NaHCO3 Soluble with brisk May be carboxylic acid
effervescence and regenerate group is present
by dil. HCl
C. dil. NaOH Soluble and regenerate by dil. May be an acidic compound
HCl
D. dil. HCl Soluble and regenerate by May be an basic compound
NaOH
E. Ether Soluble May be an neutral
compound
1) Lassaignes test :
A small piece of freshly cut sodium metal is placed in an ignition tube and is heated to
melt. Two drops or two crystals of the compound is added to it and is again heated gently and
further heated strongly to red hot. The red hot tube is placed in mortar with 10.0 ml of distilled
water and is grinded with a piston and filtered. The filtrate is called as “Sodium Fusion Extract”.
Test Observation Inference
a) Test for Nitrogen :
Pour 2 ml of filtered fusion extract in a
test tube. To it add 0.1-0.2 gms of
A Prussian blue colour is
powdered iron (II) sulphate crystals. Heat Nitrogen is present
observed.
the mixture gently until it boils, cool it and
add dil. H2SO4 to dissolve Ironhydroxide
and gives acidic solution
, b) Test for Halogens :
To the fusion extract add dil.HNO3 and If white ppt is observed and Chlorine is present.
excess of silver nitrate solution. readily soluble in ammonia
solution
If pale yellow colour is Bromine is present.
observed and difficult to
soluble in ammonia
If it is yellow in colour and Iodine is present.
insoluble in ammonia
solution.
c) Test for Sulphur :
The fusion extract is acidified with dil.
acetic acid and few drops of lead acetate is Black ppt is observed. Sulphur is present.
added.
2) Flame Test :
The Compound is taken on a glass rod and Soothy flame is observed. May be aromatic
kept into the flame.
Non-Soothy flame is May be aliphatic
observed. compound.
Burnt sugar smell is
May be Carbohydrates.
observed.
3) Litmus Test :
(If water soluble). Blue litmus to red litmus. May be acidic compound.
Compound is dissolved in water and tested
with litmus paper. Red litmus to blue litmus May be basic compound.
4) Test for Phenols :
a) Ferric Chloride test: Violet (or) purple or dark May be phenolic group is
Compound is dissolved in water (or) blue or green colourization present.
methanol (or) ethanol and 2-3 drops of is observed.
neutral Fecl3 is added.
b) Bromine water test: White ppt is formed May be phenolic group.
Compound is dissolved in water and
bromine in water is added.
