Grade 12 Biology Exam Review with Solutions

Dehydration synthesis - Answer-A reaction at which two molecules combine to create a larger molecule taking out H2O. Hydrolysis - Answer-A reaction at which a compound reacts with water to produce other compounds. Redox - Answer-A chemical reaction where atoms gain or lose electrons (LEO the lion says GER) Neutralization reaction - Answer-Where an acid and a base reacts to form H2O. Lipids - Answer-Made out of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The role of the lipids is to insulate the organs and joints. The are made up of ester bonds. Protein - Answer-Made out of amino acids and bonds are peptide bonds, the protein form enzymes, cell surface markers and cell membrane are protein channels. Carbohydrates - Answer-Made up of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen, it is the main source of energy, and the bonds are glycosidic linkages. [-types of carbs= Monosaccharide= one sugar, Disaccharide= 2 sugars, Polysaccharide= many sugars (3 or more).] Nucleic Acid - Answer-Organisms store hereditary and genetic information that determine structural and functional characteristic. Enzymes - Answer-Lower activation energy and are catalyst. Factors affecting the reactions are temperature, ph, and concentration. (Enzyme shape) = Non-competitive- Does not compete for an active site. = Competitive- Able to enter active site to block normal substrate for Glycolysis - Answer-Happens in cytoplasm. 2 ATP are used to make 2 ADP in investment phase, 2 NAD are used to make 2 NADH and in payoff phase 4 ATP are used to make ADP and 2 H2O's are taken out. Pyruvate Oxidation - Answer-This occurs in the mitochondrial matrix 2 pyruvate and a NAD forms 2 NADH ,2 CO2 and 2 acetyl coa Krebs - Answer-Happens in mitochondrial matrix. 3 NADPH is made, 2 CO2 is made, 1 FADH is made, and 1 ATP is made.