Nur 2063 Patho Final Exam, Complete
Solution
flight or fight response
Biological reaction to alarming stressors that musters the body's resources (for example, blood
flow and respiration) to resist or flee a threat and protect vital organs
Hormones released in response to stress
Cortisol, catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)
GAS (general adaptation syndrome)
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance,
exhaustion.
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body
chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Ribosome
Makes proteins
Hormone that raises blood sugar
glucagon
Glucagon
A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an
antagonistic hormone to insulin.
Main function of the endocrine system
Regulates all biological processes in the body. Metabolism, growth and development, sexual
function and reproduction, heart rate, blood pressure, appetite, sleeping and waking cycles
Function of plasma proteins
Help to maintain fluid balance, transport various substances in the blood, play a crucial role in
the immune system and are involved in blood clotting
intracellular contains high __________________________ (electrolyte)
Potassium
Hyponatremia
deficient sodium in the blood (less than 135)
Causes of Hyponatremia
Excessive H2O intake, renal failure, addisons disease,
Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia
lethargy, weakness, headache, muscle cramps, diminished tendon reflexes, poor skin turgor,
tachycardia, increased urine output
Hypovolemia
Decreased blood volume. Fluid deficit of the intravascular compartment.
S/S: AMS, hypotension, tachycardia, weak/thready pulse, oliguria, excess thirst, dry mouth and
skin
Hypovolemia causes
Vomiting, DM, fever, heat exposure, exercise, no water access, significant injury to skin, excess
diuretics
What stores electrolytes?
,The Kidneys
Contraindication
a factor in the patient's condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment
dangerous or ill advised
Normal sodium range
135-145 mEq/L
Fluid volume overload
- Hypervolemia-excess fluid in intracellular fluid, interstitial, and intravascular spaces.
- Risk factors: renal failure, heart failure, cirrhosis, excessive sodium intake, excessive
administration of IV fluids, corticosteroids
S/S of fluid volume overload
rapid/bounding pulse, distended neck veins, HTN, cough, SOB, crackles, HA, restlessness,
peripheral or pitting edema
insensible water loss
the loss of water not noticeable by a person, such as through evaporation from the skin and
exhalation from the lungs during breathing
Hypotonic solutions
Intravascular solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than that found in the
intravascular compartment.
Hypertonic solutions
intravascular solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than those in the intravascular
compartment
Isotonic solutions
and intravascular solution that has concentrations of solutes equal to those in the intravascular
solution
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from area of low solute
concentration to an area of high solute concentration
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Normal blood pH
7.35-7.45
An increase in sodium and osmolality is associated with what?
A deficiency in water
acid-base balance
Lungs (respiratory) excrete/expel carbon dioxide through expiration to prevent an increase in the
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
Kidneys (metabolic) excrete/eliminate hydrogen ions through urination and generate bicarb to
maintain blood pH
Manifestations of metabolic acidosis
headache, confusion, drowsiness, increased respiratory rate and depth, decreased blood pressure,
decreased cardiac output, dysrhythmias, shock; loss of appetite; vomiting
Sepsis
toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their
toxins, from a focus of infection
What causes warmth and redness during cellulitis infection?
, Loss of function, swelling, pain, infectino of the cells.
Histamine
a compound that is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory
reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
overwhelming inflammatory response in the absence of infection causing relative hypovolemia
and decreased tissue perfusion
Anaphylaxis S/S
-Itching
-Hives
-swelling
-flushing
-warm tingling
-tightness in throat and chest
-cough
-rapid, labored, noisy breathing
-hoarseness
-wheezing
-itchy, watery eyes, runny nose
-sense on impending doom
passive immunity
the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or
animal.
Ex. Mom to baby through placenta or breastfeeding
Autoimmune disease
a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks itself, targeting the cells, tissues, and
organs of a person's own body
Monocyte
WBC, type of neutrophil that resides in the blood and tissues and function to find and destroy
invaders
Neutrophil
A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific
defenses of the body against disease.
Macrophages
Innate immune cells that sense and respond to pathogens and other environmental challenges and
participate in tissue repair after injury
Lymphocytes
The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: Type B form in the
bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; type T form in the thymus and
other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
Leukocytosis
increase in the number of white blood cells. Can occur as a normal response while the body
heals.
Acquired Immunity
immunity that the body develops after it overcomes a disease, or through inoculation (such as
vaccination)
Solution
flight or fight response
Biological reaction to alarming stressors that musters the body's resources (for example, blood
flow and respiration) to resist or flee a threat and protect vital organs
Hormones released in response to stress
Cortisol, catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)
GAS (general adaptation syndrome)
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance,
exhaustion.
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body
chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Ribosome
Makes proteins
Hormone that raises blood sugar
glucagon
Glucagon
A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an
antagonistic hormone to insulin.
Main function of the endocrine system
Regulates all biological processes in the body. Metabolism, growth and development, sexual
function and reproduction, heart rate, blood pressure, appetite, sleeping and waking cycles
Function of plasma proteins
Help to maintain fluid balance, transport various substances in the blood, play a crucial role in
the immune system and are involved in blood clotting
intracellular contains high __________________________ (electrolyte)
Potassium
Hyponatremia
deficient sodium in the blood (less than 135)
Causes of Hyponatremia
Excessive H2O intake, renal failure, addisons disease,
Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia
lethargy, weakness, headache, muscle cramps, diminished tendon reflexes, poor skin turgor,
tachycardia, increased urine output
Hypovolemia
Decreased blood volume. Fluid deficit of the intravascular compartment.
S/S: AMS, hypotension, tachycardia, weak/thready pulse, oliguria, excess thirst, dry mouth and
skin
Hypovolemia causes
Vomiting, DM, fever, heat exposure, exercise, no water access, significant injury to skin, excess
diuretics
What stores electrolytes?
,The Kidneys
Contraindication
a factor in the patient's condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment
dangerous or ill advised
Normal sodium range
135-145 mEq/L
Fluid volume overload
- Hypervolemia-excess fluid in intracellular fluid, interstitial, and intravascular spaces.
- Risk factors: renal failure, heart failure, cirrhosis, excessive sodium intake, excessive
administration of IV fluids, corticosteroids
S/S of fluid volume overload
rapid/bounding pulse, distended neck veins, HTN, cough, SOB, crackles, HA, restlessness,
peripheral or pitting edema
insensible water loss
the loss of water not noticeable by a person, such as through evaporation from the skin and
exhalation from the lungs during breathing
Hypotonic solutions
Intravascular solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than that found in the
intravascular compartment.
Hypertonic solutions
intravascular solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than those in the intravascular
compartment
Isotonic solutions
and intravascular solution that has concentrations of solutes equal to those in the intravascular
solution
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from area of low solute
concentration to an area of high solute concentration
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Normal blood pH
7.35-7.45
An increase in sodium and osmolality is associated with what?
A deficiency in water
acid-base balance
Lungs (respiratory) excrete/expel carbon dioxide through expiration to prevent an increase in the
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
Kidneys (metabolic) excrete/eliminate hydrogen ions through urination and generate bicarb to
maintain blood pH
Manifestations of metabolic acidosis
headache, confusion, drowsiness, increased respiratory rate and depth, decreased blood pressure,
decreased cardiac output, dysrhythmias, shock; loss of appetite; vomiting
Sepsis
toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their
toxins, from a focus of infection
What causes warmth and redness during cellulitis infection?
, Loss of function, swelling, pain, infectino of the cells.
Histamine
a compound that is released by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory
reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
overwhelming inflammatory response in the absence of infection causing relative hypovolemia
and decreased tissue perfusion
Anaphylaxis S/S
-Itching
-Hives
-swelling
-flushing
-warm tingling
-tightness in throat and chest
-cough
-rapid, labored, noisy breathing
-hoarseness
-wheezing
-itchy, watery eyes, runny nose
-sense on impending doom
passive immunity
the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or
animal.
Ex. Mom to baby through placenta or breastfeeding
Autoimmune disease
a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks itself, targeting the cells, tissues, and
organs of a person's own body
Monocyte
WBC, type of neutrophil that resides in the blood and tissues and function to find and destroy
invaders
Neutrophil
A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific
defenses of the body against disease.
Macrophages
Innate immune cells that sense and respond to pathogens and other environmental challenges and
participate in tissue repair after injury
Lymphocytes
The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: Type B form in the
bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; type T form in the thymus and
other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
Leukocytosis
increase in the number of white blood cells. Can occur as a normal response while the body
heals.
Acquired Immunity
immunity that the body develops after it overcomes a disease, or through inoculation (such as
vaccination)
