BSN Fundamentals of Nursing Exam 3

BSN Fundamentals of Nursing Exam 3 lower airway functions - conduction of air mucociliary clearance production of pulmonary surfactant cilia - trap and propel mucus mucus can be produced better when thinned with - water alveoli - allow for diffusion of gases surfactant - maintains surface tension of alveoli to allow for diffusion of gases (keeps them open) ventilation - movement of air in and out of lungs respiration - exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion (O2) - movement of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and capillaries perfusion - capillary blood passes through body tissues what normally stimulates body to breath - high levels of CO2 patients with chronic high CO2 levels breath because of a - hypoxic drive applying supplemental O2 to patients with chronic high CO2 levels can result in - their body "forgetting to breath" loss of hypoxic drive hypoxia - inadequate tissue oxygenation hypoxia earliest s/s and other s/s - confusion dyspnea, elevated BP, increased pulse, cyanosis hypoxia causes - anemia COPD pnuemonia hypoventilation - decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs inadequate ventilation to meet the body's demands hypoventilation causes - trauma, sedation hyperventilation - increase in resp rate and depth of respiration hyperventilation causes - anxiety, infection, fever inferior and superior vena cava bring - deoxygenated blood to right atrium aorta takes - oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body coronary arteries - provide heart muscle itself with blood S1 - closing of mitral (RA/RV) and tricuspid (LA/LV) valve S2 - closing of aortic (LV/aorta) and pulmonic (RV/pulmonary artery) cardiovascular system function - tissue perfusion filtration cardiac output tissue perfusion - deliver O2 and nutrients good perfusion (kidneys) - good urine output filtration (O2) - remove waste products and delivers them to lungs and kidneys cardiac output - pumping action of heart supports circulatory system regulation of cardiovascular system - autonomic nervous system via sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system - epi and nor epi increase heart rate parasympathetic nervous system - acetylcholine decrease HR SA node - pacemaker of heart AV node - transmit impulses between the atria and ventricles slower rate than SA node if SA node isn't in control - dysrhythmia decreased cardiac output p wave - atria contract QRS - ventricles contract T wave - ventricles relax afterload - resistance of ejection of blood from left ventricle (aorta resistance, increased pressure) preload - amount of blood left at the end of ventricular rest blood pressure - force exerted by blood in the arteries myocardial contractility - ability of heart to squeeze blood form ventricle before next beat anrep effect - myocardial contractility increases with afterload cardiac output (def and formula) - amount of blood ejected form LV each minute SVxHR avg is 6L/min Anything that decreases pulse, contractility, blood pressure, or blood volume decreases - cardiac output right sided heart failure - impaired functioning of RV jugular vein distention, peripheral edema left sided heart failue - fluid volume overload or increased vascular resistance (hypertension) resp crackles, orthopnea myocardial ischemia - coronary artery doesn't supply enough blood to heart decreased O2 -- angina -- necrosis -- infarction dysrhythmia - any rhythm not controlled by SA node includes reg rate that is 60 or 100 lifestyle factors affecting cardiopulmonary: nutrition/hydration - fluid overload=vascular congestion dehydration=hypo