JBCMET APJU
MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING
Definition of Surveying
Surveying is defined as the science of making measurements of the earth
specifically the surface of the earth. This is being carried out by finding
the spatial location (relative / absolute) of points on or near the surface of
the earth.
Different methods and instruments are being used to facilitate the work
of surveying.
The primary aims of field surveying are :
• to measure the Horizontal Distance between points.
• to measure the Vertical elevation between points.
• to find out the Relative direction of lines by measuring horizontal
angles with reference to any arbitrary direction and
• to find out Absolute direction by measuring horizontal angles with
reference to a fixed direction.
These parameters are utilised to find out the relative or absolute
coordinates of a point / location.
Importance of Surveying to Civil Engineers
The planning and design of all Civil Engineering projects such as
construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc are based upon
surveying measurements.
Moreover, during execution, project of any magnitude is constructed
along the lines and points established by surveying. Thus, surveying is a
basic requirement for all Civil Engineering projects.Other principal works
in which surveying is primarily utilised are
• to fix the national and state boundaries;
• to chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes;
• to establish control points(Stations having known position);
1
SURVEYING
, JBCMET APJU
• to execute hydrographic and oceanographic charting and mapping;
and
• to prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth
Principles of Surveying
The fundamental principles upon which the surveying is being carried out
are
working from whole to part.
after deciding the position of any point, its reference must be kept
from at least two permanent objects or stations whose position
have already been well defined.
The purpose of working from whole to part is
to localise the errors and
to control the accumulation of errors
1. To work from the whole to the part:
a. The main principle of surveying is to work from the whole to
the part.
b. To achieve this in actual practice, a sufficient number of
primary control points are established with higher precision in
& around the area to be detail surveyed.
c. Minor control points in between the primary control points are
then established with less precise method.
d. Further details are surveyed with the help of these minor
control points by adopting any one of the survey methods.
e. The main idea of working from the whole to the part is to
prevent accumulation of error & to localize minor errors within
the framework of the control points.
2
SURVEYING
MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING
Definition of Surveying
Surveying is defined as the science of making measurements of the earth
specifically the surface of the earth. This is being carried out by finding
the spatial location (relative / absolute) of points on or near the surface of
the earth.
Different methods and instruments are being used to facilitate the work
of surveying.
The primary aims of field surveying are :
• to measure the Horizontal Distance between points.
• to measure the Vertical elevation between points.
• to find out the Relative direction of lines by measuring horizontal
angles with reference to any arbitrary direction and
• to find out Absolute direction by measuring horizontal angles with
reference to a fixed direction.
These parameters are utilised to find out the relative or absolute
coordinates of a point / location.
Importance of Surveying to Civil Engineers
The planning and design of all Civil Engineering projects such as
construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc are based upon
surveying measurements.
Moreover, during execution, project of any magnitude is constructed
along the lines and points established by surveying. Thus, surveying is a
basic requirement for all Civil Engineering projects.Other principal works
in which surveying is primarily utilised are
• to fix the national and state boundaries;
• to chart coastlines, navigable streams and lakes;
• to establish control points(Stations having known position);
1
SURVEYING
, JBCMET APJU
• to execute hydrographic and oceanographic charting and mapping;
and
• to prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth
Principles of Surveying
The fundamental principles upon which the surveying is being carried out
are
working from whole to part.
after deciding the position of any point, its reference must be kept
from at least two permanent objects or stations whose position
have already been well defined.
The purpose of working from whole to part is
to localise the errors and
to control the accumulation of errors
1. To work from the whole to the part:
a. The main principle of surveying is to work from the whole to
the part.
b. To achieve this in actual practice, a sufficient number of
primary control points are established with higher precision in
& around the area to be detail surveyed.
c. Minor control points in between the primary control points are
then established with less precise method.
d. Further details are surveyed with the help of these minor
control points by adopting any one of the survey methods.
e. The main idea of working from the whole to the part is to
prevent accumulation of error & to localize minor errors within
the framework of the control points.
2
SURVEYING
