Wednesday, 5 January 2022
EBUBED-103- CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND
GROWING
Ques1.-Discuss the learning theories of
THORNDIKE ,PAVLAV AND SKINNER . Point out the
major differences between them.
THORNDIKE ’S TRIAL AND ERROR LEARNING -
The famous psychologist EDWARD LEE THORNDIKE was the initiator of the theory
of trial and error learning based on the findings of his experiments .One of the
phenomenal work is his book under title “Animal intelligence, An experimental study of
association process in Animal”. This book is based on his research to behavior of
animals like cats, dogs, and bird. According to him, the behavior of those animal is
giving a description of learning process; that is basic of learning is association, a
stimulus will result generate a certain respond. Thorndike theory explains learning is
change of behavior that can be observed, measured, and assessed
concretely.Based on Thorndike, learning is phenomenon that grows associations
between one events to another events which is called as stimulus (S) with respond
(R). Stimulus is a changing of external environment that become sign to activate
organism to react and act. And, respond is behavior that is raised by stimulus.
Thorndike trial and error experiment
1
, From experiment of hunger cat which is putted in cage is known that in order
to reach relation between stimulus and respond need an ability to choose precious
respond through trials and errors. The box had a door that was pulled open by a
weight attached to a string that ran over a pulley and was attached to the door. The
string attached to the door led to a lever or button inside the box. When the animal
pressed the bar or pulled the lever, the string attached to the door would cause the
weight to lift and the door to open.At first, cat put in the cage explored restlessly,
But did not know how to escape. Eventually, they stepped on the foot switch and
the trap door opened. On succeeding trials, they operated the switch faster.
Thorndike explained learning with his “law of effect”. Animals tended to repeat a
behavior that resulted in a pleasing effect. This was an early version of the concept
of positive reinforcement that Skinner has used effectively. Behavior was varied
during a trial and error phase. Thorndike believed that the animal stumbled upon a
behavior that produced a desirable effect.This created a link between stimulus
(cage) and, a response (stepping on switch or pulling the lever). Later, in the same
stimulus situation, that response occurred faster.Thorndike concluded that all
animals learn, solely by trial and error or reward and punishment. He used the cat’s
behavior in the puzzle box to describe what happens when all the beings learn
together.
Thorndike’s theory consists of three primary laws.
(1)law of effect– responses to a situation which are followed by a rewarding state of
affairs will be strengthened and become habitual responses to that situation,
(2) law of readiness – a series of responses can be chained together to satisfy
some goal which will result in annoyance if blocked, and.
(3) law of exercise – This law has two aspects. It is based on law of use and
disuse. The law of use states, “When a modifiable connection is made between a
situation and a response, that connection’s strength is being increased”.Similarly,
the law of disuse states, “when a modifiable connection is not made between a
situation and response over a length of time, the connection’s strength is
decreased.”
BEHAVIOURISTIC APPROACHES TO LEARNING
Approaches to learning describe and explain the conditions under which learning
does and does not take place.The approaches which describe learning as a
connection between the stimulus and the response is the behaviouristic school of
thought. This approach to learning emphasizes that behaviour begins with reflexes
i.e. natural responses and new behaviour results from the acquisition of new bonds
2
EBUBED-103- CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND
GROWING
Ques1.-Discuss the learning theories of
THORNDIKE ,PAVLAV AND SKINNER . Point out the
major differences between them.
THORNDIKE ’S TRIAL AND ERROR LEARNING -
The famous psychologist EDWARD LEE THORNDIKE was the initiator of the theory
of trial and error learning based on the findings of his experiments .One of the
phenomenal work is his book under title “Animal intelligence, An experimental study of
association process in Animal”. This book is based on his research to behavior of
animals like cats, dogs, and bird. According to him, the behavior of those animal is
giving a description of learning process; that is basic of learning is association, a
stimulus will result generate a certain respond. Thorndike theory explains learning is
change of behavior that can be observed, measured, and assessed
concretely.Based on Thorndike, learning is phenomenon that grows associations
between one events to another events which is called as stimulus (S) with respond
(R). Stimulus is a changing of external environment that become sign to activate
organism to react and act. And, respond is behavior that is raised by stimulus.
Thorndike trial and error experiment
1
, From experiment of hunger cat which is putted in cage is known that in order
to reach relation between stimulus and respond need an ability to choose precious
respond through trials and errors. The box had a door that was pulled open by a
weight attached to a string that ran over a pulley and was attached to the door. The
string attached to the door led to a lever or button inside the box. When the animal
pressed the bar or pulled the lever, the string attached to the door would cause the
weight to lift and the door to open.At first, cat put in the cage explored restlessly,
But did not know how to escape. Eventually, they stepped on the foot switch and
the trap door opened. On succeeding trials, they operated the switch faster.
Thorndike explained learning with his “law of effect”. Animals tended to repeat a
behavior that resulted in a pleasing effect. This was an early version of the concept
of positive reinforcement that Skinner has used effectively. Behavior was varied
during a trial and error phase. Thorndike believed that the animal stumbled upon a
behavior that produced a desirable effect.This created a link between stimulus
(cage) and, a response (stepping on switch or pulling the lever). Later, in the same
stimulus situation, that response occurred faster.Thorndike concluded that all
animals learn, solely by trial and error or reward and punishment. He used the cat’s
behavior in the puzzle box to describe what happens when all the beings learn
together.
Thorndike’s theory consists of three primary laws.
(1)law of effect– responses to a situation which are followed by a rewarding state of
affairs will be strengthened and become habitual responses to that situation,
(2) law of readiness – a series of responses can be chained together to satisfy
some goal which will result in annoyance if blocked, and.
(3) law of exercise – This law has two aspects. It is based on law of use and
disuse. The law of use states, “When a modifiable connection is made between a
situation and a response, that connection’s strength is being increased”.Similarly,
the law of disuse states, “when a modifiable connection is not made between a
situation and response over a length of time, the connection’s strength is
decreased.”
BEHAVIOURISTIC APPROACHES TO LEARNING
Approaches to learning describe and explain the conditions under which learning
does and does not take place.The approaches which describe learning as a
connection between the stimulus and the response is the behaviouristic school of
thought. This approach to learning emphasizes that behaviour begins with reflexes
i.e. natural responses and new behaviour results from the acquisition of new bonds
2
