0JK00 Management of Human
Behaviour in Organizations
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR SECOND EDITION
ROBBINS, JUDGE, CAMPBELL
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 What is Organizational Behaviour?..................................................................................................................... 4
The Importance of Interpersonal Skills ................................................................................................................................... 4
What Managers Do ................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Enter Organizational Behaviour .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study ................................................................................................................... 5
Disciplines that Contribute to the OB Field............................................................................................................................. 5
There are Few Absolutes in OB ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Challenges and Opportunities for OB ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model ....................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 2 Diversity in Organizations ................................................................................................................................... 7
Diversity................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Biographical Characteristics .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Ability....................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Implementing Diversity Management Strategies ................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 3 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction ............................................................................................................................ 9
Attitudes .................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Job Satisfaction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Chapter 4 Personality and Values ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Personality ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Values .................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Linking an Individual’s Personality and Values to the Workplace ........................................................................................ 11
Global Implications ................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Chapter 5 Perception, Individual Decision Making and Creativity ..................................................................................... 13
What is Perception? .............................................................................................................................................................. 13
Person Perception: Making Judgements About Others ........................................................................................................ 13
The Link Between Perception and Individual Decision Making ............................................................................................ 14
Decision Making in Organizations ......................................................................................................................................... 14
Influences on Decision Making: Individual Differences and Organizational Constraints ..................................................... 14
What About Ethics in Decision Making? ............................................................................................................................... 15
Creativity, Creative Decision Making and Innovation in Organizations ................................................................................ 15
Chapter 6 Motivation Concepts ........................................................................................................................................ 16
Defining Motivation .............................................................................................................................................................. 16
Early Theories of Motivation ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Contemporary Theories of Motivation ................................................................................................................................. 16
Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation .............................................................................................................. 18
Chapter 7 Motivation: from Concepts to Applications ...................................................................................................... 19
Motivating by Job Design: The Job Characteristics Model ................................................................................................... 19
Employee Involvement.......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Using Rewards to Motivate Employees ................................................................................................................................ 20
Chapter 8 Emotions and Moods ........................................................................................................................................ 21
What are Emotions and Moods? .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Emotional Labour .................................................................................................................................................................. 22
1JK00 MMGO | Organizational Behaviour | Chapter 1 What is Organizational Behaviour?
1
, Affective Events Theory ........................................................................................................................................................ 23
Emotional Intelligence........................................................................................................................................................... 23
Emotion Regulation ............................................................................................................................................................... 23
OB Applications of Emotions and Moods.............................................................................................................................. 23
Chapter 9 Foundations of Groups Behaviour .................................................................................................................... 25
Defining and Classifying Groups ............................................................................................................................................ 25
Stages of Group Development .............................................................................................................................................. 25
Group Properties: Roles, Norms, Status, Size, Cohesiveness and Diversity ......................................................................... 26
Group Decision Making ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
Chapter 10 Understanding Work Teams ........................................................................................................................... 28
Differences between Groups and Teams .............................................................................................................................. 28
Types of Teams ...................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Creating Effective Teams ....................................................................................................................................................... 29
Chapter 11 Communication .............................................................................................................................................. 30
Functions of Communication ................................................................................................................................................ 30
The Communication Process ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Direction of Communication ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Organizational Communication ............................................................................................................................................ 30
Modes of Communication ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
Choice of Communication Channel ....................................................................................................................................... 31
Persuasive Communication ................................................................................................................................................... 31
Barriers to Effective Communication .................................................................................................................................... 31
Cross-Cultural Communication ............................................................................................................................................. 32
Chapter 12 Leadership ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
What is Leadership? .............................................................................................................................................................. 33
Trait Theories ........................................................................................................................................................................ 33
Behavioural Theories............................................................................................................................................................. 33
Contingency Theories ............................................................................................................................................................ 33
Leader-member Exchange (LMX) Theory .............................................................................................................................. 34
Charismatic Leadership and Transformational Leadership .................................................................................................. 34
Authentic Leadership: Ethics and Trust ................................................................................................................................ 35
Leading for the Future: Mentoring ....................................................................................................................................... 35
Challenges to the Leadership Construct ............................................................................................................................... 35
Chapter 13 Power and Politics .......................................................................................................................................... 36
A Definition of Power ............................................................................................................................................................ 36
Bases of Power ...................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Dependency: The Key to Power ............................................................................................................................................ 36
Power Tactics ........................................................................................................................................................................ 36
How Power Affects People .................................................................................................................................................... 36
Politics: Power in Action ........................................................................................................................................................ 36
Causes and Consequences of Political Behaviour ................................................................................................................. 37
Chapter 14 Conflict and Negotiation ................................................................................................................................. 38
A Definition of Conflict .......................................................................................................................................................... 38
Types and Loci of Conflict...................................................................................................................................................... 38
The Conflict Process .............................................................................................................................................................. 38
Negotiation ............................................................................................................................................................................ 39
Chapter 15 Foundations of Organization Structure ........................................................................................................... 40
What is an Organizational Structure ..................................................................................................................................... 40
Common Organizational Designs .......................................................................................................................................... 40
New Design Options .............................................................................................................................................................. 40
Why Do Structures Differ? .................................................................................................................................................... 41
Organizational Designs and Employee Behaviour ................................................................................................................ 41
Chapter 16 Organizational Culture .................................................................................................................................... 42
What is Organizational Culture? ........................................................................................................................................... 42
What do Cultures do? ........................................................................................................................................................... 42
1JK00 MMGO | Organizational Behaviour | Chapter 1 What is Organizational Behaviour?
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, Creating and Sustaining Culture ............................................................................................................................................ 42
How Employees Learn Culture .............................................................................................................................................. 43
Creating an Ethical Organizational Culture ........................................................................................................................... 43
Creating a Positive Organizational Culture ........................................................................................................................... 43
Spirituality and Organizational Culture ................................................................................................................................. 43
Global Implications ................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Chapter 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices .......................................................................................................... 44
Selection Practices ................................................................................................................................................................ 44
Training and Development Programmes .............................................................................................................................. 44
Performance Evaluation ........................................................................................................................................................ 45
Chapter 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management ............................................................................................. 46
Forces for Change .................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Planned Change ..................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Resistance to Change ............................................................................................................................................................ 46
Approaches to Managing Organizational Change ................................................................................................................. 46
Creating a Culture for Change ............................................................................................................................................... 47
Work Stress and its Management ......................................................................................................................................... 48
1JK00 MMGO | Organizational Behaviour | Chapter 1 What is Organizational Behaviour?
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, Chapter 1 What is Organizational Behaviour?
The Importance of Interpersonal Skills
In order to become a manager, you don’t only need the academic skills but also ‘soft skills’; team
working, communicating effectively, leadership and cultural awareness.
What Managers Do
Managers get things done through other people. They do their work in an organization.
All managers perform five management functions: planning, organizing, leading and controlling.
Managers perform 10 different, highly interrelated roles or sets of behaviours:
Interpersonal roles
o Figurehead
o Leader
o Liaison
Informational
o Monitor
o Disseminator
o Spokesperson
Decisional
o Entrepreneur
o Disturbance handler
o Resource allocator
o Negotiator
Managers should have certain skills: (1) technical skills, (2) human skills, and (3) conceptual skills.
Average Successful Effective
managers managers managers
Traditional management: decision making, planning and controlling 32% 13% 19%
Communication: exchanging routine information and processing 29% 28% 44%
paperwork
Human resource management: motivating, disciplining, managing 20% 11% 26%
conflict, staffing and training
Networking: socialising, politicking and interacting with outsiders 19% 48% 11%
Managers need to develop their people skills if they’re going to be effective and successful.
Enter Organizational Behaviour
Organizational Behaviour (OB) is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and
structure have on behaviour within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards
improving an organization’s effectiveness.
OB includes some core topics:
Motivation Attitude development and perception
Leader behaviour and power Change processes
Interpersonal communication Conflict and negotiation
Group structure and processes Work design
1JK00 MMGO | Organizational Behaviour | Chapter 1 What is Organizational Behaviour?
4
Behaviour in Organizations
ORGANIZATION BEHAVIOUR SECOND EDITION
ROBBINS, JUDGE, CAMPBELL
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 What is Organizational Behaviour?..................................................................................................................... 4
The Importance of Interpersonal Skills ................................................................................................................................... 4
What Managers Do ................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Enter Organizational Behaviour .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study ................................................................................................................... 5
Disciplines that Contribute to the OB Field............................................................................................................................. 5
There are Few Absolutes in OB ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Challenges and Opportunities for OB ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model ....................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 2 Diversity in Organizations ................................................................................................................................... 7
Diversity................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Biographical Characteristics .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Ability....................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Implementing Diversity Management Strategies ................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 3 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction ............................................................................................................................ 9
Attitudes .................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Job Satisfaction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Chapter 4 Personality and Values ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Personality ............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Values .................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Linking an Individual’s Personality and Values to the Workplace ........................................................................................ 11
Global Implications ................................................................................................................................................................ 11
Chapter 5 Perception, Individual Decision Making and Creativity ..................................................................................... 13
What is Perception? .............................................................................................................................................................. 13
Person Perception: Making Judgements About Others ........................................................................................................ 13
The Link Between Perception and Individual Decision Making ............................................................................................ 14
Decision Making in Organizations ......................................................................................................................................... 14
Influences on Decision Making: Individual Differences and Organizational Constraints ..................................................... 14
What About Ethics in Decision Making? ............................................................................................................................... 15
Creativity, Creative Decision Making and Innovation in Organizations ................................................................................ 15
Chapter 6 Motivation Concepts ........................................................................................................................................ 16
Defining Motivation .............................................................................................................................................................. 16
Early Theories of Motivation ................................................................................................................................................. 16
Contemporary Theories of Motivation ................................................................................................................................. 16
Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation .............................................................................................................. 18
Chapter 7 Motivation: from Concepts to Applications ...................................................................................................... 19
Motivating by Job Design: The Job Characteristics Model ................................................................................................... 19
Employee Involvement.......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Using Rewards to Motivate Employees ................................................................................................................................ 20
Chapter 8 Emotions and Moods ........................................................................................................................................ 21
What are Emotions and Moods? .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Emotional Labour .................................................................................................................................................................. 22
1JK00 MMGO | Organizational Behaviour | Chapter 1 What is Organizational Behaviour?
1
, Affective Events Theory ........................................................................................................................................................ 23
Emotional Intelligence........................................................................................................................................................... 23
Emotion Regulation ............................................................................................................................................................... 23
OB Applications of Emotions and Moods.............................................................................................................................. 23
Chapter 9 Foundations of Groups Behaviour .................................................................................................................... 25
Defining and Classifying Groups ............................................................................................................................................ 25
Stages of Group Development .............................................................................................................................................. 25
Group Properties: Roles, Norms, Status, Size, Cohesiveness and Diversity ......................................................................... 26
Group Decision Making ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
Chapter 10 Understanding Work Teams ........................................................................................................................... 28
Differences between Groups and Teams .............................................................................................................................. 28
Types of Teams ...................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Creating Effective Teams ....................................................................................................................................................... 29
Chapter 11 Communication .............................................................................................................................................. 30
Functions of Communication ................................................................................................................................................ 30
The Communication Process ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Direction of Communication ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Organizational Communication ............................................................................................................................................ 30
Modes of Communication ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
Choice of Communication Channel ....................................................................................................................................... 31
Persuasive Communication ................................................................................................................................................... 31
Barriers to Effective Communication .................................................................................................................................... 31
Cross-Cultural Communication ............................................................................................................................................. 32
Chapter 12 Leadership ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
What is Leadership? .............................................................................................................................................................. 33
Trait Theories ........................................................................................................................................................................ 33
Behavioural Theories............................................................................................................................................................. 33
Contingency Theories ............................................................................................................................................................ 33
Leader-member Exchange (LMX) Theory .............................................................................................................................. 34
Charismatic Leadership and Transformational Leadership .................................................................................................. 34
Authentic Leadership: Ethics and Trust ................................................................................................................................ 35
Leading for the Future: Mentoring ....................................................................................................................................... 35
Challenges to the Leadership Construct ............................................................................................................................... 35
Chapter 13 Power and Politics .......................................................................................................................................... 36
A Definition of Power ............................................................................................................................................................ 36
Bases of Power ...................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Dependency: The Key to Power ............................................................................................................................................ 36
Power Tactics ........................................................................................................................................................................ 36
How Power Affects People .................................................................................................................................................... 36
Politics: Power in Action ........................................................................................................................................................ 36
Causes and Consequences of Political Behaviour ................................................................................................................. 37
Chapter 14 Conflict and Negotiation ................................................................................................................................. 38
A Definition of Conflict .......................................................................................................................................................... 38
Types and Loci of Conflict...................................................................................................................................................... 38
The Conflict Process .............................................................................................................................................................. 38
Negotiation ............................................................................................................................................................................ 39
Chapter 15 Foundations of Organization Structure ........................................................................................................... 40
What is an Organizational Structure ..................................................................................................................................... 40
Common Organizational Designs .......................................................................................................................................... 40
New Design Options .............................................................................................................................................................. 40
Why Do Structures Differ? .................................................................................................................................................... 41
Organizational Designs and Employee Behaviour ................................................................................................................ 41
Chapter 16 Organizational Culture .................................................................................................................................... 42
What is Organizational Culture? ........................................................................................................................................... 42
What do Cultures do? ........................................................................................................................................................... 42
1JK00 MMGO | Organizational Behaviour | Chapter 1 What is Organizational Behaviour?
2
, Creating and Sustaining Culture ............................................................................................................................................ 42
How Employees Learn Culture .............................................................................................................................................. 43
Creating an Ethical Organizational Culture ........................................................................................................................... 43
Creating a Positive Organizational Culture ........................................................................................................................... 43
Spirituality and Organizational Culture ................................................................................................................................. 43
Global Implications ................................................................................................................................................................ 43
Chapter 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices .......................................................................................................... 44
Selection Practices ................................................................................................................................................................ 44
Training and Development Programmes .............................................................................................................................. 44
Performance Evaluation ........................................................................................................................................................ 45
Chapter 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management ............................................................................................. 46
Forces for Change .................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Planned Change ..................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Resistance to Change ............................................................................................................................................................ 46
Approaches to Managing Organizational Change ................................................................................................................. 46
Creating a Culture for Change ............................................................................................................................................... 47
Work Stress and its Management ......................................................................................................................................... 48
1JK00 MMGO | Organizational Behaviour | Chapter 1 What is Organizational Behaviour?
3
, Chapter 1 What is Organizational Behaviour?
The Importance of Interpersonal Skills
In order to become a manager, you don’t only need the academic skills but also ‘soft skills’; team
working, communicating effectively, leadership and cultural awareness.
What Managers Do
Managers get things done through other people. They do their work in an organization.
All managers perform five management functions: planning, organizing, leading and controlling.
Managers perform 10 different, highly interrelated roles or sets of behaviours:
Interpersonal roles
o Figurehead
o Leader
o Liaison
Informational
o Monitor
o Disseminator
o Spokesperson
Decisional
o Entrepreneur
o Disturbance handler
o Resource allocator
o Negotiator
Managers should have certain skills: (1) technical skills, (2) human skills, and (3) conceptual skills.
Average Successful Effective
managers managers managers
Traditional management: decision making, planning and controlling 32% 13% 19%
Communication: exchanging routine information and processing 29% 28% 44%
paperwork
Human resource management: motivating, disciplining, managing 20% 11% 26%
conflict, staffing and training
Networking: socialising, politicking and interacting with outsiders 19% 48% 11%
Managers need to develop their people skills if they’re going to be effective and successful.
Enter Organizational Behaviour
Organizational Behaviour (OB) is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and
structure have on behaviour within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards
improving an organization’s effectiveness.
OB includes some core topics:
Motivation Attitude development and perception
Leader behaviour and power Change processes
Interpersonal communication Conflict and negotiation
Group structure and processes Work design
1JK00 MMGO | Organizational Behaviour | Chapter 1 What is Organizational Behaviour?
4
