the action of cardiac glycoside

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Contents

INTRODUCTION TO CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES 1

Classification and historic background 1

Historical Context: 1


PHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE 2

Role of Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) Ions: 2

Sodium Potassium Pump (Na+/K+ Pump): 3

Calcium (Ca2+) in Cardiac Contraction: 3


MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES 4

Inhibition of the Na+/K+ Pump: 4

Accumulation of Intracellular Sodium (Na+) Ions: 4

Impact on the Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger: 4

Elevation of Intracellular Calcium (Ca2+) Levels: 4


EFFECT OF CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY 5

Strengthening of Cardiac Contractions: 5

Prolongation of Contraction Duration: 5

Relationship with Stroke Volume: 5


MODULATION OF HEART RATE 5

Influence on Baroreceptors: 6

Parasympathetic Nervous System Response: 6

Implications for Heart Rate Control: 6


APPLICATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 7

Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure: 7

Management of Arrhythmias: 7

, Dosage and Administration Guidelines: 7

Administered Orally: 8


THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS AND CONSIDERATIONS 8

Therapeutic Benefits: 8

Considerations and Limitations: 8

Side Effects: 9


MONITORING AND SAFETY 10

Recognizing the Narrow Therapeutic Window: 10


CASE STUDIES AND CLINICAL EXAMPLES 11

ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS AND COMPARISONS 13

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): 13

Atrial Fibrillation (AF): 13

Comparisons: 14


PHARMACOKINETICS 15