NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 Review Study Guide

2. Causes of chronic kidney disease: - Outcome of progressive and irrevocable loss of functional nephrons. - Due to kidney not recovering • Can lead up to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) which requires dialysis 3. Risk Factors of chronic kidney disease: - Diabetes - Hypertension - Recurrent pyelonephritis - Polycystic kidney disease - History of exposure to toxins - Age over 65 - Ethnicity (African American male higher risk) 4. complications of chronic kidney disease: - hypertension and cardiovascular disease - uremic syndrome - metabolic acidosis - electrolyte imbalances - bone and mineral disorders - malnutrition - anemia - pain - depression 5. Hypertension and cardiovascular disease: - (increased blood volume) Hyper- volemia, escalated atherosclerotic process 6. Uremic Syndrome: - Can't get rid of normal metabolic waste Retention of metabolic wastes, impaired healing, pruritusm dermatitis, and uremic frost (itching & discomfort) 7. . Metabolic acidosis: - Retention of acidic waste products, hyperkalemia 8. Electrolyte Imbalances: - Retained potassium (hyperkalemia), phosphorus, and magnesium 9. Bone and mineral disorders: Elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone/mineral metabolism. Kidneys are unable to reabsorb calcium (body steals calcium from parts of the body) 10. Malnutrition: - Decreased intake, depression, and dietary limitations (De- creased salt, protein and potassium) 11. Anemia: - Lack of erythropoietin (produces new RBC), uremia shortens RBCs life 12. Pain: - Many reasons; disease itself, treatment, comorbidities 13. Depression: - Comorbid conditions; disease itself; disruption of social interac- tions and relationships 14. Urge Incontinence: - Sudden need to void with an involuntary leakage of urine If it happens at night (nocturia) it is called overactive bladder 15. Stress Incontinence: - Small amounts of urine are voided involuntarily when there is an increase in intraabdominal pressure. (More common in women following childbirth; Can occur with coughing, sneezing and lifting heavy objects) 16. Neurogenic bladder: From a disruption of nervous communication that con- trols micturition. Seen in individuals with stroke, Parkinson's, MS, and spinal cord injuries. 17. Functional Incontinence: - Secondary to physical or environmental limita- tions such as not getting to the toilet in time. 18. Mixed Incontinence: - A combination of both stress and urge incontinence More common in elderly women 19. Overflow Inconti