NUR2063 Final Exam Study
Guide
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom? – answer Sign - Objective
(Erythema,
Edema, lesion)
Symptom - Subjective (Headache, sore, tired)
Na - Sodium - answer136-144 mEq
Hyponatremia - anorexia, gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes,
blood
pressure changes, pulse changes, edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep
tendon
reflexes, muscle weakness, seizures, and coma |
Hypernatremia - increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous
membranes, dysphagia, increased thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures
K - Potassium - answero 3.7-5.2 mEq |
Hypokalemia - muscle weakness, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps, weak and irregular
pulse,
hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, decreased bowel sounds, abdominal
distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest|
Hyperkalemia - paresthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, bradycardia, dysrhythmias,
electrocardiogram changes, cardiac arrest, respiratory depression, abdominal cramping,
nausea,
and diarrhea
Mg - Magnesium - answer.8-2.5 mEq | Hypermagnesemia - Same as hypercalcemia |
Hypomagnesemia - same as hypocalcemia
Ca - Calcium - answer4 - 5 mEq |
Hypercalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confusion,
decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep
tendon
reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, pancreatitis, renal calculi,
polyuria, and dehydration |
Hypocalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tendencies,
,anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep
tendon
reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds,
abdominal cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
P - Phosphorus - answer.5 - 4.5 mg |
Hyperphosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding
tendencies,
anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep
tendon
reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds,
abdominal cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
Hypophosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes,
confusion,
decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep
tendon
reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
Function of ribosomes – answer Synthesizes proteins
· Hypervolemia – answer Fluid volume excess in intravascular space
· Hypovolemia – answer Fluid volume deficit in intravascular space
· Homeostasis – answer State of balance - reached by positive and negative feedback - self
regulated
· How does a vaccine provide immunity? – answer Active immunity - antigen exposure
· Active immunity – answer Vaccine, or having the virus - Body builds immunity through
exposure
· Passive immunity – answer Receiving antibodies from external source - breastfeeding
· identify examples of malignant cells – answer Rapid growing, metastasis, fatal,
undifferentiated
· Assessment findings for localized inflammation – answer Destroyed tissue, redness,
swelling, heat, pain, function loss
o Type I: IgE mediated – answer Hay fever, food allergy, anaphylaxis
o Type II IgM/IgG: cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction – answer Blood transfusion reaction,
erythroblastosis fetalis
o Type III: immune complex-mediated – answer Autoimmune conditions - Lupus
, o Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity reaction - answer Tuberculin skin testing, transplant
reactions,
contact dermatitis
· What findings would you expect in someone with an anaphylactic reaction? -
Answer Bronchodilation, airway constriction,
Manifestations of a type 1 hypersensitivity – answer GI allergy
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Skin manifestations
Urticaria (hives)
Mucosa allergens
Conjunctivitis, rhinitis, asthma
Lung allergens
Bronchospasm, edema, thick secretions
· Manifestations of fight/flight response - answerIncrease HR, increased respirations,
diaphoresis,
pupil dilation, increased blood flow to muscles, strength, alertness, decreased inflammation
o Complication of compartment syndrome - answerresults from increased pressure in a
compartment, usually the muscle fascia in the case of fractures
o What is contact dermatitis? - answerAcute inflammatory reaction triggered by direct
exposure to
an irritant or allergen-producing substance
o Clinical manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) - answerFatigue, anorexia, fever,
malaise,
muscle spasms, morning stiffness, warmth and tenderness in joints, anemia, depression,
unsteady gait
o What is Muscular Dystrophy? – answer Group of inherited, noninflammatory disorders
characterized by degeneration of skeletal muscle.
Fat and fibrosis connective tissues eventually replace skeletal muscle fibers, progressively
weakening the muscles.
o Steps of hemostasis – answer Vascular spasm, platelet plug, and coagulation
o Causes of Gout – answer Hyperuricemia over production or under of uric acid
o Kyphosis – answer Increase in the curvature of the thoracic spine outward
Guide
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom? – answer Sign - Objective
(Erythema,
Edema, lesion)
Symptom - Subjective (Headache, sore, tired)
Na - Sodium - answer136-144 mEq
Hyponatremia - anorexia, gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes,
blood
pressure changes, pulse changes, edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep
tendon
reflexes, muscle weakness, seizures, and coma |
Hypernatremia - increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous
membranes, dysphagia, increased thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures
K - Potassium - answero 3.7-5.2 mEq |
Hypokalemia - muscle weakness, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps, weak and irregular
pulse,
hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, decreased bowel sounds, abdominal
distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest|
Hyperkalemia - paresthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, bradycardia, dysrhythmias,
electrocardiogram changes, cardiac arrest, respiratory depression, abdominal cramping,
nausea,
and diarrhea
Mg - Magnesium - answer.8-2.5 mEq | Hypermagnesemia - Same as hypercalcemia |
Hypomagnesemia - same as hypocalcemia
Ca - Calcium - answer4 - 5 mEq |
Hypercalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confusion,
decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep
tendon
reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, pancreatitis, renal calculi,
polyuria, and dehydration |
Hypocalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tendencies,
,anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep
tendon
reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds,
abdominal cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
P - Phosphorus - answer.5 - 4.5 mg |
Hyperphosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding
tendencies,
anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep
tendon
reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds,
abdominal cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
Hypophosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes,
confusion,
decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep
tendon
reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
Function of ribosomes – answer Synthesizes proteins
· Hypervolemia – answer Fluid volume excess in intravascular space
· Hypovolemia – answer Fluid volume deficit in intravascular space
· Homeostasis – answer State of balance - reached by positive and negative feedback - self
regulated
· How does a vaccine provide immunity? – answer Active immunity - antigen exposure
· Active immunity – answer Vaccine, or having the virus - Body builds immunity through
exposure
· Passive immunity – answer Receiving antibodies from external source - breastfeeding
· identify examples of malignant cells – answer Rapid growing, metastasis, fatal,
undifferentiated
· Assessment findings for localized inflammation – answer Destroyed tissue, redness,
swelling, heat, pain, function loss
o Type I: IgE mediated – answer Hay fever, food allergy, anaphylaxis
o Type II IgM/IgG: cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction – answer Blood transfusion reaction,
erythroblastosis fetalis
o Type III: immune complex-mediated – answer Autoimmune conditions - Lupus
, o Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity reaction - answer Tuberculin skin testing, transplant
reactions,
contact dermatitis
· What findings would you expect in someone with an anaphylactic reaction? -
Answer Bronchodilation, airway constriction,
Manifestations of a type 1 hypersensitivity – answer GI allergy
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Skin manifestations
Urticaria (hives)
Mucosa allergens
Conjunctivitis, rhinitis, asthma
Lung allergens
Bronchospasm, edema, thick secretions
· Manifestations of fight/flight response - answerIncrease HR, increased respirations,
diaphoresis,
pupil dilation, increased blood flow to muscles, strength, alertness, decreased inflammation
o Complication of compartment syndrome - answerresults from increased pressure in a
compartment, usually the muscle fascia in the case of fractures
o What is contact dermatitis? - answerAcute inflammatory reaction triggered by direct
exposure to
an irritant or allergen-producing substance
o Clinical manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) - answerFatigue, anorexia, fever,
malaise,
muscle spasms, morning stiffness, warmth and tenderness in joints, anemia, depression,
unsteady gait
o What is Muscular Dystrophy? – answer Group of inherited, noninflammatory disorders
characterized by degeneration of skeletal muscle.
Fat and fibrosis connective tissues eventually replace skeletal muscle fibers, progressively
weakening the muscles.
o Steps of hemostasis – answer Vascular spasm, platelet plug, and coagulation
o Causes of Gout – answer Hyperuricemia over production or under of uric acid
o Kyphosis – answer Increase in the curvature of the thoracic spine outward
