NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 Exam Elaborations latest Update 2023|2024 Graded A+

3. Risk Factors of chronic kidney disease: - Diabetes - Hypertension - Recurrent pyelonephritis - Polycystic kidney disease - History of exposure to toxins - Age over 65 - Ethnicity (African American male higher risk) 4. complications of chronic kidney disease: - hypertension and cardiovascular disease - uremic syndrome - metabolic acidosis - electrolyte imbalances - bone and mineral disorders - malnutrition - anemia - pain - depression 5. Hypertension and cardiovascular disease: - (increased blood volume) Hyper- volemia, escalated atherosclerotic process 6. Uremic Syndrome: - Can't get rid of normal metabolic waste Retention of metabolic wastes, impaired healing, pruritusm dermatitis, and uremic frost (itching & discomfort) 7. . Metabolic acidosis: - Retention of acidic waste products, hyperkalemia 8. Electrolyte Imbalances: - Retained potassium (hyperkalemia), phosphorus, and magnesium 9. Bone and mineral disorders: Elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone/mineral metabolism. Kidneys are unable to reabsorb calcium (body steals calcium from parts of the body) 10. Malnutrition: - Decreased intake, depression, and dietary limitations (De- creased salt, protein and potassium) 11. Anemia: - Lack of erythropoietin (produces new RBC), uremia shortens RBCs life 12. Pain: - Many reasons; disease itself, treatment, comorbidities 13. Depression: - Comorbid conditions; disease itself; disruption of social interac- tions and relationships 14. Urge Incontinence: - Sudden need to void with an involuntary leakage of urine If it happens at night (nocturia) it is called overactive bladder 15. Stress Incontinence: - Small amounts of urine are voided involuntarily when there is an increase in intraabdominal pressure. (More common in women following childbirth; Can occur with coughing, sneezing and lifting heavy objects) 16. Neurogenic bladder: From a disruption of nervous communication that con- trols micturition. Seen in individuals with stroke, Parkinson's, MS, and spinal cord injuries. 17. Functional Incontinence: - Secondary to physical or environmental limita- tions such as not getting to the toilet in time. 18. Mixed Incontinence: - A combination of both stress and urge incontinence More common in elderly women 19. Overflow Incontinence: - When the bladder becomes full and overflows (Due to something physically blocking; NOT from holding urine) 20. Cystitis (UTI): - Inflammation of the bladder lining due to E. coli from infections, chemical irritants or stones. 21. General S/S of Cystitis (UTI): - frequency, urgency, dysuria, suprapubic pain, and cloudy urine 22. S/S of Cystitis (UTI) in Children: - fever, irritability, poor feeding, vomiting, and diarrhea. 23. S/S of Cystitis (UTI) in older adults: - delirium and new onset incontince. 24. . Patient teachings to prevent cystitis: - Urinate before and after sexual intercourse - Wipe front to back - Take antibiotics as prescribed - Increase fluid intake - Do not resist urge to urinate 25. What can happen if cystitis does not resolve?: - It can lead up to kidney infections. 26. . Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): - Enlargement of prostate gland 27. S/S of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): - Decreased stream, Hesitancy (difficulty initiating stream), and infection caused by retention. 28. Hydrocele: - Fluid collection progressively surrounding the testicle or spermat- ic cord causing swelling by evening. 29. Testicular Torsion (Primarily in prepubertal males): - Twisting of the sper- matic cord with compromised vascular supply and ischemia, followed by infarction. - Can cut off blood supply & lead up to necrosis and ischemia 30. Endometriosis: - Endometrial tissue outside the lining of the uterine cavity, abnormal tissue implant (endometrioma) 31. S/S of Endometriosis: - Dysmenorrhea (painful menses), pain w/ intercourse, pain w/ defecation, & pain begins 5 to 7 days before menses and lasts for 2 to 3 days. 32. Uterine Prolapse: - Prolapse (sinking) of the uterus from its normal position into the vagina 33. S/S of Uterine Prolapse: - Depends on the severity of prolapse, discomfort in walking/sitting, difficulty urinating, vaginal discomfort, and bleeding. 34. S/S of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): - Abdominal tenderness, pelvic pain, purulent (thick and mucus) vaginal discharge and fever.