NUR2063 Final Exam Elaborations latest Update 2023|2024 Graded A+

anorexia, gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, blood pressure changes, pulse changes, edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep tendon reflexes, muscle weakness, seizures, and coma | Hypernatremia - increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia, increased thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures K - Potassium - answero 3.7-5.2 mEq | Hypokalemia - muscle weakness, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps, weak and irregular pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, decreased bowel sounds, abdominal distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest| Hyperkalemia - paresthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, bradycardia, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, cardiac arrest, respiratory depression, abdominal cramping, nausea, and diarrhea Mg - Magnesium - answer.8-2.5 mEq | Hypermagnesemia - Same as hypercalcemia | Hypomagnesemia - same as hypocalcemia Ca - Calcium - answer4 - 5 mEq | Hypercalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confusion, decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, pancreatitis, renal calculi, polyuria, and dehydration | Hypocalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tendencies, anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds, abdominal cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs P - Phosphorus - answer.5 - 4.5 mg | Hyperphosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tendencies, anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds, abdominal cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs Hypophosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confusion, decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, Function of ribosomes – answer Synthesizes proteins · Hypervolemia – answer Fluid volume excess in intravascular space · Hypovolemia – answer Fluid volume deficit in intravascular space · Homeostasis – answer State of balance - reached by positive and negative feedback - self regulated · How does a vaccine provide immunity? – answer Active immunity - antigen exposure · Active immunity – answer Vaccine, or having the virus - Body builds immunity through exposure · Passive immunity – answer Receiving antibodies from external source - breastfeeding · identify examples of malignant cells – answer Rapid growing, metastasis, fatal, undifferentiated · Assessment findings for localized inflammation – answer Destroyed tissue, redness, swelling, heat, pain, function loss o Type I: IgE mediated – answer Hay fever, food allergy, anaphylaxis o Type II IgM/IgG: cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction – answer Blood transfusion reaction, erythroblastosis fetalis o Type III: immune complex-mediated – answer Autoimmune conditions - Lupus o Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity reaction - answer Tuberculin skin testing, transplant reactions, contact dermatitis · What findings would you expect in someone with an anaphylactic reaction? - Answer Bronchodilation, airway constriction, Manifestations of a type 1 hypersensitivity – answer GI allergy Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain Skin manifestations Urticaria (hives) Mucosa allergens Conjunctivitis, rhinitis, asthma Lung allergens Bronchospasm, edema, thick secretions · Manifestations of fight/flight response - answerIncrease HR, increased respirations, diaphoresis, pupil dilation, increased blood flow to muscles, strength, alertness, decreased inflammation o Complication of compartment syndrome - answerresults from increased pressure in a compartment, usually the muscle fascia in the case of fractures o What is contact dermatitis? - answerAcute inflammatory reaction triggered by direct exposure to an irritant or allergen-producing substance o Clinical manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) - answerFatigue, anorexia, fever, malaise, muscle spasms, morning stiffness, warmth and tenderness in joints, anemia, depression, unsteady gait o What is Muscular Dystrophy? – answer Group of inherited, noninflammatory disorders characterized by degeneration of skeletal muscle. Fat and fibrosis connective tissues eventually replace skeletal muscle fibers, progressively weakening the muscles. o Steps of hemostasis – answer Vascular spasm, platelet plug, and coagulation o Causes of Gout – answer Hyperuricemia over production or under of uric acid o Kyphosis – answer Increase in the curvature of the thoracic spine outward Lordosis – answer Exaggerated Concave of the lumbar spine Scoliosis – answer Lateral deviation of the spine that may affect the thoracic or lumbar area or both Crohns disease - Intestinal wall inflammation - fissures - answer§ Complications - anemia, fistulas, electrolyte, and pH imbalances § Manifestations - Cramping, diarrhea, constipation, weight loss Ulcerative colitis - Colon mucosa inflammation - necrotic epithelial tissue - answer§ Complications - anemia, hemorrhage, strictures, fistulas, toxic megacolon, carcinoma, electrolyte, and fluid imbalance § Manifestations - diarrhea, bloody and watery stool, weight loss, nausea, vomiting Review the main types of mechanical bowel obstruction discussed - answerForeign bodies, tumors, adhesions, hernias, intussusception, volvulus, strictures, diverticulitis, crohns disease, hirchsprungs disease, fecal impaction H. Pylori- What is it and what it causes. - answerCauses chronic gastritis, bacteria that releases toxins in the mucous layer Clinical manifestation of appendicitis - answerAbdominal pain LRQ, subsides if it ruptures, but returns and escalates, nausea, vomiting, distension, bowel changes What is cystitis? - answerInflammation of the bladder - bladder and urethra wall become red and swollen Manifestations - UTI symptoms, abdominal pain What is pyelonephritis? - answero Infection in the kidneys o Caused by E. Coli What would cause a prerenal kidney injury - answerLow BP, heart issue, hypovolemia Phases of acute renal injury - answero Prerenal conditions - low BP o Intrarenal conditions - reduce blood supply to kidneys o Postrenal conditions - Ureter obstruction Enuresis - answerbed wetting transient incontinence - answertemporary condition stress incontinence - answerreduced urine pressure by coughing sneezing urge incontinence - answerintense urge to urinate reflex incontinence - answercaused by trauma or damage to nervous system overflow incontinence – answer inability to empty the bladder, or retention functional incontinence – answer physical or mental impairment What is the purpose of dialysis for a patient with kidney disease?