( KamranMahar ) [ PaNoAkiLiaNs ] ( WhatsApp ) [ O 3 O 4 1 7 9 7 6 3 3 ]
Physics Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro.
INTERMEDIATE STAGE
FUNDAMENTAL OF
PHYSICS
BOOK ONE
FOR CLASS XI
For
Sindh Textbook Board, Jamshoro.
Notes arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 1
,( KamranMahar ) [ PaNoAkiLiaNs ] ( WhatsApp ) [ O 3 O 4 1 7 9 7 6 3 3 ]
Physics Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 THE SCOPE OF PHYSICS 3
CHAPTER 2 SCALARS AND VECTORS 7
CHAPTER 3 MOTION 14
CHAPTER 4 MOTION IN TWO DIMENSION 19
CHAPTER 5 TORQUE ANGULAR MOMENTUM 24
AND EQUILLIBRIUM
CHAPTER 6 GRAVITATION 28
CHAPTER 7 WORK, POWER AND ENERGY 33
CHAPTER 8 WAVE MOTION AND SOUND 40
CHAPTER 9 NATURE OF LIGHT 50
CHAPTER 10 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 58
Scientific Reasons 63
Notes arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 2
,( KamranMahar ) [ PaNoAkiLiaNs ] ( WhatsApp ) [ O 3 O 4 1 7 9 7 6 3 3 ]
Physics Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro.
Chapter 1
THE SCOPE OF PHYSICS
DEFINITION OF PHYSICS:
Physics is the branch of science that deals with the study of Properties of matter,
Energy and their mutual interactions.
HISTORY OF PHYSICS:
The people of Euphrates and Tigris valley were aware of calendar and they
had the knowledge of geometry.
The people of Indus valley were pioneers of decimal system.
The Greeks are accepted as pioneers of physics as a systematic
knowledge.
Chinese were first to make papytue (paper).
The glorious Islamic era was between the eight to thirteenth century AD
The achievements of well known scientists of splendid age are:
IBN-UL-HAISHAM:
o Discover the nature of light, declared it as a form of light.
o Presented two laws of reflection of light.
o Constructed a pin hole camera.
o Gave description of luminous, non luminous, opaque and transparent
object.
o The remarkable discovery was “The ray of light passing through a
medium takes a path which takes the least time to transverse”.
This principle is called as Fermate principle of least time.
o The first comprehensive book on light was his book “Kitab-ul-Manazir”.
AL-BERUNI:
o Gave the conclusion that speed of light is greater as compare to the
sound.
o His book “Kitab-ul-Masoodi” is considered as encyclopedia of astronomy.
o He was the first who calculated the diameter of earth.
AL-KHAWARZINI:
o Was the founder of algebra and wrote first book in the world on Algebra
known as “Hisabul-jabr-wal-Muqabla”
o He gave geometrical solution of linear and quardratic equations.
o He invented “Monograph” named “Hisab” in which he introduced the
method of counting based on numerals.
o Invented the term “logarithm”.
YAQOOB-AL-KINDI:
o The first Arab philosopher.
o Wrote research monograph on “Metrology”, “specific gravity” and
“Tides”.
Notes arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 3
, ( KamranMahar ) [ PaNoAkiLiaNs ] ( WhatsApp ) [ O 3 O 4 1 7 9 7 6 3 3 ]
Physics Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro.
o Explained the appearance of blue color on the sky.
AL-RAZI:
o The prominent and best physician about 200 original monographs, most of
them pertained to medicine.
IBN-E-SINA:
o Discovered use of catheters.
o Gave intravenous injections by means of silver syringe.
o “Al-Qanoon-Fil-tib” is famous book of medicine.
o “Al-shifa” an encyclopedia of philosophy.
UMAR KHAYYAM:
o He was one of the well-known mathematicians.
o He was an outstanding poet of Islamic world.
AL-BATTANI:
Made calculations in connection with solar system change in seasons, eclipses of
moon and sun and other astronomical phenomenon.
BRANCHES OF PHYSICS:
The main branches of Physics are as under
i) Particle Physics
ii) Nuclear Physics
iii) Molecular and Atomic Physics
iv) Plasma Physics
v) Astro Physics
vi) Medical Physics
vii) Solid state Physics
UNITS AND MEASURMENTS:
Physics is a quantitative science concerned with relations between careful
measurements of well defined physical quantities.
The basic quantities are mass length time electric current temperature amount of
substance and luminous intensity.
MEASURMENTS:
The comparison of unknown quantity with some standard quantity is called
comparison.
UNITS:
The standard with which the things are compared is called Unit.
Measurement has basic importance in our daily life. We cannot buy or sale any
thing until and unless we measure it and for measurement a common standard is
needed, that is called Unit.
SYSTEM OF UNITS:
Notes arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 4
Physics Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro.
INTERMEDIATE STAGE
FUNDAMENTAL OF
PHYSICS
BOOK ONE
FOR CLASS XI
For
Sindh Textbook Board, Jamshoro.
Notes arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 1
,( KamranMahar ) [ PaNoAkiLiaNs ] ( WhatsApp ) [ O 3 O 4 1 7 9 7 6 3 3 ]
Physics Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 THE SCOPE OF PHYSICS 3
CHAPTER 2 SCALARS AND VECTORS 7
CHAPTER 3 MOTION 14
CHAPTER 4 MOTION IN TWO DIMENSION 19
CHAPTER 5 TORQUE ANGULAR MOMENTUM 24
AND EQUILLIBRIUM
CHAPTER 6 GRAVITATION 28
CHAPTER 7 WORK, POWER AND ENERGY 33
CHAPTER 8 WAVE MOTION AND SOUND 40
CHAPTER 9 NATURE OF LIGHT 50
CHAPTER 10 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 58
Scientific Reasons 63
Notes arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 2
,( KamranMahar ) [ PaNoAkiLiaNs ] ( WhatsApp ) [ O 3 O 4 1 7 9 7 6 3 3 ]
Physics Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro.
Chapter 1
THE SCOPE OF PHYSICS
DEFINITION OF PHYSICS:
Physics is the branch of science that deals with the study of Properties of matter,
Energy and their mutual interactions.
HISTORY OF PHYSICS:
The people of Euphrates and Tigris valley were aware of calendar and they
had the knowledge of geometry.
The people of Indus valley were pioneers of decimal system.
The Greeks are accepted as pioneers of physics as a systematic
knowledge.
Chinese were first to make papytue (paper).
The glorious Islamic era was between the eight to thirteenth century AD
The achievements of well known scientists of splendid age are:
IBN-UL-HAISHAM:
o Discover the nature of light, declared it as a form of light.
o Presented two laws of reflection of light.
o Constructed a pin hole camera.
o Gave description of luminous, non luminous, opaque and transparent
object.
o The remarkable discovery was “The ray of light passing through a
medium takes a path which takes the least time to transverse”.
This principle is called as Fermate principle of least time.
o The first comprehensive book on light was his book “Kitab-ul-Manazir”.
AL-BERUNI:
o Gave the conclusion that speed of light is greater as compare to the
sound.
o His book “Kitab-ul-Masoodi” is considered as encyclopedia of astronomy.
o He was the first who calculated the diameter of earth.
AL-KHAWARZINI:
o Was the founder of algebra and wrote first book in the world on Algebra
known as “Hisabul-jabr-wal-Muqabla”
o He gave geometrical solution of linear and quardratic equations.
o He invented “Monograph” named “Hisab” in which he introduced the
method of counting based on numerals.
o Invented the term “logarithm”.
YAQOOB-AL-KINDI:
o The first Arab philosopher.
o Wrote research monograph on “Metrology”, “specific gravity” and
“Tides”.
Notes arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 3
, ( KamranMahar ) [ PaNoAkiLiaNs ] ( WhatsApp ) [ O 3 O 4 1 7 9 7 6 3 3 ]
Physics Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro.
o Explained the appearance of blue color on the sky.
AL-RAZI:
o The prominent and best physician about 200 original monographs, most of
them pertained to medicine.
IBN-E-SINA:
o Discovered use of catheters.
o Gave intravenous injections by means of silver syringe.
o “Al-Qanoon-Fil-tib” is famous book of medicine.
o “Al-shifa” an encyclopedia of philosophy.
UMAR KHAYYAM:
o He was one of the well-known mathematicians.
o He was an outstanding poet of Islamic world.
AL-BATTANI:
Made calculations in connection with solar system change in seasons, eclipses of
moon and sun and other astronomical phenomenon.
BRANCHES OF PHYSICS:
The main branches of Physics are as under
i) Particle Physics
ii) Nuclear Physics
iii) Molecular and Atomic Physics
iv) Plasma Physics
v) Astro Physics
vi) Medical Physics
vii) Solid state Physics
UNITS AND MEASURMENTS:
Physics is a quantitative science concerned with relations between careful
measurements of well defined physical quantities.
The basic quantities are mass length time electric current temperature amount of
substance and luminous intensity.
MEASURMENTS:
The comparison of unknown quantity with some standard quantity is called
comparison.
UNITS:
The standard with which the things are compared is called Unit.
Measurement has basic importance in our daily life. We cannot buy or sale any
thing until and unless we measure it and for measurement a common standard is
needed, that is called Unit.
SYSTEM OF UNITS:
Notes arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 4
