MAIN–GROUP MAIN–GROUP
ELEMENTS Periodic Table of the Elements ELEMENTS
1A 8A
(1) (18)
1 2
Metals (main-group)
1 H 4 Atomic number He
2A Metals (transition) 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
1.008 (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) 4.003
Be Atomic symbol Metals (inner transition)
3 4 Metalloids 5 6 7 8 9 10
9.012 Atomic mass (amu)
2 Li Be Nonmetals B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 TRANSITION ELEMENTS 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Period
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.63 74.92 78.97 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
(223) (226) (227) (265) (268) (271) (270) (277) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294)
INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
6 Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1 175.0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
,The Elements
Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic
Name Symbol Number Mass* Name Symbol Number Mass*
Actinium Ac 89 (227) Mendelevium Md 101 (256)
Aluminum Al 13 26.98 Mercury Hg 80 200.6
Americium Am 95 (243) Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94
Antimony Sb 51 121.8 Moscovium Mc 115 (288)
Argon Ar 18 39.95 Neodymium Nd 60 144.2
Arsenic As 33 74.92 Neon Ne 10 20.18
Astatine At 85 (210) Neptunium Np 93 (244)
Barium Ba 56 137.3 Nickel Ni 28 58.70
Berkelium Bk 97 (247) Nihonium Nh 113 (284)
Beryllium Be 4 9.012 Niobium Nb 41 92.91
Bismuth Bi 83 209.0 Nitrogen N 7 14.01
Bohrium Bh 107 (267) Nobelium No 102 (253)
Boron B 5 10.81 Oganesson Og 118 (294)
Bromine Br 35 79.90 Osmium Os 76 190.2
Cadmium Cd 48 112.4 Oxygen O 8 16.00
Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Palladium Pd 46 106.4
Californium Cf 98 (249) Phosphorus P 15 30.97
Carbon C 6 12.01 Platinum Pt 78 195.1
Cerium Ce 58 140.1 Plutonium Pu 94 (242)
Cesium Cs 55 132.9 Polonium Po 84 (209)
Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 Potassium K 19 39.10
Chromium Cr 24 52.00 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9
Cobalt Co 27 58.93 Promethium Pm 61 (145)
Copernicium Cn 112 (285) Protactinium Pa 91 (231)
Copper Cu 29 63.55 Radium Ra 88 (226)
Curium Cm 96 (247) Radon Rn 86 (222)
Darmstadtium Ds 110 (281) Rhenium Re 75 186.2
Dubnium Db 105 (262) Rhodium Rh 45 102.9
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5 Roentgenium Rg 111 (272)
Einsteinium Es 99 (254) Rubidium Rb 37 85.47
Erbium Er 68 167.3 Ruthenium Ru 44 101.1
Europium Eu 63 152.0 Rutherfordium Rf 104 (263)
Fermium Fm 100 (253) Samarium Sm 62 150.4
Flevorium Fl 114 (289) Scandium Sc 21 44.96
Fluorine F 9 19.00 Seaborgium Sg 106 (266)
Francium Fr 87 (223) Selenium Se 34 78.97
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.3 Silicon Si 14 28.09
Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Silver Ag 47 107.9
Germanium Ge 32 72.61 Sodium Na 11 22.99
Gold Au 79 197.0 Strontium Sr 38 87.62
Hafnium Hf 72 178.5 Sulfur S 16 32.07
Hassium Hs 108 (277) Tantalum Ta 73 180.9
Helium He 2 4.003 Technetium Tc 43 (98)
Holmium Ho 67 164.9 Tellurium Te 52 127.6
Hydrogen H 1 1.008 Tennessine Ts 117 (294)
Indium In 49 114.8 Terbium Tb 65 158.9
Iodine I 53 126.9 Thallium Tl 81 204.4
Iridium Ir 77 192.2 Thorium Th 90 232.0
Iron Fe 26 55.85 Thulium Tm 69 168.9
Krypton Kr 36 83.80 Tin Sn 50 118.7
Lanthanum La 57 138.9 Titanium Ti 22 47.88
Lawrencium Lr 103 (257) Tungsten W 74 183.9
Lead Pb 82 207.2 Uranium U 92 238.0
Lithium Li 3 6.941 Vanadium V 23 50.94
Livermorium Lv 116 (293) Xenon Xe 54 131.3
Lutetium Lu 71 175.0 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.0
Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 Yttrium Y 39 88.91
Manganese Mn 25 54.94 Zinc Zn 30 65.41
Meitnerium Mt 109 (268) Zirconium Zr 40 91.22
*All atomic masses are given to four significant figures. Values in parentheses represent the mass number of the most stable isotope.
,
, CHEMISTRY: THE MOLECULAR NATURE OF MATTER AND CHANGE, NINTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2021 by
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions
© 2018, 2015, and 2012. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by
any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or
broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside
the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 24 23 22 21 20
ISBN 978-1-260-24021-4 (bound edition)
MHID 1-260-24021-5 (bound edition)
ISBN 978-1-260-47740-5 (loose-leaf edition)
MHID 1-260-47740-1 (loose-leaf edition)
Executive Portfolio Manager: Michelle Hentz
Product Developer: Marisa Dobbeleare
Executive Marketing Manager: Tami Hodge
Content Project Managers: Laura Bies, Samantha Donisi-Hamm & Sandra Schnee
Buyer: Sandy Ludovissy
Design: Jessica Cuevas
Content Licensing Specialist: Lorraine Buczek
Cover Image: OliveTree/Shutterstock
Compositor: Aptara®, Inc.
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the
copyright page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Silberberg, Martin S. (Martin Stuart), 1945- author. | Amateis,
Patricia, author.
Title: Chemistry : the molecular nature of matter and change / [Martin S.]
Silberberg, [Patricia G.] Amateis.
Description: [Ninth edition]. | Dubuque : McGraw-Hill Education, [2021] |
Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019033353 (print) | LCCN 2019033354 (ebook) | ISBN
9781260240214 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781260477405 (spiral bound) | ISBN
9781260477375 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Chemistry—Textbooks.
Classification: LCC QD33.2 .S55 2021 (print) | LCC QD33.2 (ebook) | DDC
540—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019033353
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019033354
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion
of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and
McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
mheducation.com/highered
ELEMENTS Periodic Table of the Elements ELEMENTS
1A 8A
(1) (18)
1 2
Metals (main-group)
1 H 4 Atomic number He
2A Metals (transition) 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
1.008 (2) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) 4.003
Be Atomic symbol Metals (inner transition)
3 4 Metalloids 5 6 7 8 9 10
9.012 Atomic mass (amu)
2 Li Be Nonmetals B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 TRANSITION ELEMENTS 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 Na Mg 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Period
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.63 74.92 78.97 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
(223) (226) (227) (265) (268) (271) (270) (277) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294)
INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
6 Lanthanides Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1 175.0
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
,The Elements
Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic
Name Symbol Number Mass* Name Symbol Number Mass*
Actinium Ac 89 (227) Mendelevium Md 101 (256)
Aluminum Al 13 26.98 Mercury Hg 80 200.6
Americium Am 95 (243) Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94
Antimony Sb 51 121.8 Moscovium Mc 115 (288)
Argon Ar 18 39.95 Neodymium Nd 60 144.2
Arsenic As 33 74.92 Neon Ne 10 20.18
Astatine At 85 (210) Neptunium Np 93 (244)
Barium Ba 56 137.3 Nickel Ni 28 58.70
Berkelium Bk 97 (247) Nihonium Nh 113 (284)
Beryllium Be 4 9.012 Niobium Nb 41 92.91
Bismuth Bi 83 209.0 Nitrogen N 7 14.01
Bohrium Bh 107 (267) Nobelium No 102 (253)
Boron B 5 10.81 Oganesson Og 118 (294)
Bromine Br 35 79.90 Osmium Os 76 190.2
Cadmium Cd 48 112.4 Oxygen O 8 16.00
Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Palladium Pd 46 106.4
Californium Cf 98 (249) Phosphorus P 15 30.97
Carbon C 6 12.01 Platinum Pt 78 195.1
Cerium Ce 58 140.1 Plutonium Pu 94 (242)
Cesium Cs 55 132.9 Polonium Po 84 (209)
Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 Potassium K 19 39.10
Chromium Cr 24 52.00 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9
Cobalt Co 27 58.93 Promethium Pm 61 (145)
Copernicium Cn 112 (285) Protactinium Pa 91 (231)
Copper Cu 29 63.55 Radium Ra 88 (226)
Curium Cm 96 (247) Radon Rn 86 (222)
Darmstadtium Ds 110 (281) Rhenium Re 75 186.2
Dubnium Db 105 (262) Rhodium Rh 45 102.9
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5 Roentgenium Rg 111 (272)
Einsteinium Es 99 (254) Rubidium Rb 37 85.47
Erbium Er 68 167.3 Ruthenium Ru 44 101.1
Europium Eu 63 152.0 Rutherfordium Rf 104 (263)
Fermium Fm 100 (253) Samarium Sm 62 150.4
Flevorium Fl 114 (289) Scandium Sc 21 44.96
Fluorine F 9 19.00 Seaborgium Sg 106 (266)
Francium Fr 87 (223) Selenium Se 34 78.97
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.3 Silicon Si 14 28.09
Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Silver Ag 47 107.9
Germanium Ge 32 72.61 Sodium Na 11 22.99
Gold Au 79 197.0 Strontium Sr 38 87.62
Hafnium Hf 72 178.5 Sulfur S 16 32.07
Hassium Hs 108 (277) Tantalum Ta 73 180.9
Helium He 2 4.003 Technetium Tc 43 (98)
Holmium Ho 67 164.9 Tellurium Te 52 127.6
Hydrogen H 1 1.008 Tennessine Ts 117 (294)
Indium In 49 114.8 Terbium Tb 65 158.9
Iodine I 53 126.9 Thallium Tl 81 204.4
Iridium Ir 77 192.2 Thorium Th 90 232.0
Iron Fe 26 55.85 Thulium Tm 69 168.9
Krypton Kr 36 83.80 Tin Sn 50 118.7
Lanthanum La 57 138.9 Titanium Ti 22 47.88
Lawrencium Lr 103 (257) Tungsten W 74 183.9
Lead Pb 82 207.2 Uranium U 92 238.0
Lithium Li 3 6.941 Vanadium V 23 50.94
Livermorium Lv 116 (293) Xenon Xe 54 131.3
Lutetium Lu 71 175.0 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.0
Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 Yttrium Y 39 88.91
Manganese Mn 25 54.94 Zinc Zn 30 65.41
Meitnerium Mt 109 (268) Zirconium Zr 40 91.22
*All atomic masses are given to four significant figures. Values in parentheses represent the mass number of the most stable isotope.
,
, CHEMISTRY: THE MOLECULAR NATURE OF MATTER AND CHANGE, NINTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2021 by
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions
© 2018, 2015, and 2012. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by
any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or
broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside
the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 24 23 22 21 20
ISBN 978-1-260-24021-4 (bound edition)
MHID 1-260-24021-5 (bound edition)
ISBN 978-1-260-47740-5 (loose-leaf edition)
MHID 1-260-47740-1 (loose-leaf edition)
Executive Portfolio Manager: Michelle Hentz
Product Developer: Marisa Dobbeleare
Executive Marketing Manager: Tami Hodge
Content Project Managers: Laura Bies, Samantha Donisi-Hamm & Sandra Schnee
Buyer: Sandy Ludovissy
Design: Jessica Cuevas
Content Licensing Specialist: Lorraine Buczek
Cover Image: OliveTree/Shutterstock
Compositor: Aptara®, Inc.
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the
copyright page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Silberberg, Martin S. (Martin Stuart), 1945- author. | Amateis,
Patricia, author.
Title: Chemistry : the molecular nature of matter and change / [Martin S.]
Silberberg, [Patricia G.] Amateis.
Description: [Ninth edition]. | Dubuque : McGraw-Hill Education, [2021] |
Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019033353 (print) | LCCN 2019033354 (ebook) | ISBN
9781260240214 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781260477405 (spiral bound) | ISBN
9781260477375 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Chemistry—Textbooks.
Classification: LCC QD33.2 .S55 2021 (print) | LCC QD33.2 (ebook) | DDC
540—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019033353
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019033354
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion
of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and
McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
mheducation.com/highered
