Chemistry Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro.
INTERMEDIATE STAGE
CHEMISTRY
BOOK ONE
FOR CLASS XI
For
Sindh Textbook Board, Jamshoro.
Book arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 1
,Chemistry Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE FUNDAMENTAL 3
CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 2 THREE STATES OF MATTER 7
CHAPTER 3 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 19
CHAPTER 4 CHEMICAL BONDING 25
CHAPTER 5 ENERGETICS OF CHEMICAL 30
REACTION
CHAPTER 6 CHEMICAL EQUILIIBRIUM 35
CHAPTER 7 SOLUTION AND ELECTROLYSIS 40
CHAPTER 8 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL KINETICS 43
SCIENTIFIC REASONS 45
Book arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 2
,Chemistry Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE FUNDAMENTAL CONEPTS
OF CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY:
The branch of science that deals with the properties, compositions and structure
of matter and the changes occurring in matter and the laws under which these
changes occur is called as chemistry.
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY:
Organic chemistry
Inorganic chemistry
Physical chemistry
Bio chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Nuclear chemistry
Industrial chemistry
Environmental chemistry
BASIC DEFINITIONS:
ATOM:
The smallest particle of an element is called as an atom.
MOLECULE:
When two or more than two atoms are combined together is called as molecule.
FORMULA WEIGHT:
The total sum of the weights of the atoms present in a substance is called as
formula weight
MOLECULAR WEIGHT:
The sum of the atomic masses present in a substance is called as molecular
weight.
EMPIRICAL FORMULA:
The simplest formula of a chemical compound that expresses the number of each
kind of atom present in the molecule of a compound is called as empirical
formula.
Example:
The empirical formula of water is "H2O". It indicates that the water molecule is
composed of two elements hydrogen and one element of carbon and the ratio
between these two elements is 2:1.
DETERMINATION OF EMPIRICAL FORMULA:
Book arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 3
, Chemistry Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro.
1. First detect the elements that are present in the compound.
2. Determine the masses of each element present in compound.
3. Then calculate the percentage of each element that is present in compound.
4. After that determine mole composition of each element present in compound.
5. in last Determine simplest ratio between the element present in compound.
MOLECULAR FORMULA:
The formula that represents number of atoms in each elemet present in the
compound is called as molecular formula.
MOLECULAR MASS:
The sum of the masses present in a molecule is called as molecular mass.
GRAM MOLECULAR MASS:
The molecular mass if expressed in grams then it is called as gram molecular
mass.
MOLE:
The atomic mass or molecular mass of a substance if expressed in grams is called
as mole.
FORMULA:
Number of moles of = mass of substance (in grams) / molecular mass or atomic
mass or formula mass
AVOGADRO’S NUMBER:
One mole of any substance contains equal number of particles (atoms or
molecules or ions).Value of this number is 6.02 x 1023.
ATOMIC MASS:
The weight of an atom is called as atomic mass. 1 unified atomic mass unit is
defined as 1/12 of the mass of a single carbon-12 atom.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURE:
Significant figures are reliable digits known with certainty in a given number.
The number of significant figure refers to the precision and accuracy of measured
quantity, in this numbers the last digit may not be precisely mentioned, the value
of last digit is uncertain.
RULES OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURE:
1. All non zeros are significant figures. E.g. 789 has 3 significant figures
2. Zero between non significant digits are significant. e.g. 4002 has 4
significant figures
3. Zero locating the decimal point in number, less than 1 is not significant.
E.g. 0.065 has 2 significant figures
4. Final zeros to the right of the decimal point are significant. E.g. 4.000
have 4 significant figures.
Book arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 4
INTERMEDIATE STAGE
CHEMISTRY
BOOK ONE
FOR CLASS XI
For
Sindh Textbook Board, Jamshoro.
Book arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 1
,Chemistry Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE FUNDAMENTAL 3
CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 2 THREE STATES OF MATTER 7
CHAPTER 3 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 19
CHAPTER 4 CHEMICAL BONDING 25
CHAPTER 5 ENERGETICS OF CHEMICAL 30
REACTION
CHAPTER 6 CHEMICAL EQUILIIBRIUM 35
CHAPTER 7 SOLUTION AND ELECTROLYSIS 40
CHAPTER 8 INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL KINETICS 43
SCIENTIFIC REASONS 45
Book arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 2
,Chemistry Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE FUNDAMENTAL CONEPTS
OF CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY:
The branch of science that deals with the properties, compositions and structure
of matter and the changes occurring in matter and the laws under which these
changes occur is called as chemistry.
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY:
Organic chemistry
Inorganic chemistry
Physical chemistry
Bio chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Nuclear chemistry
Industrial chemistry
Environmental chemistry
BASIC DEFINITIONS:
ATOM:
The smallest particle of an element is called as an atom.
MOLECULE:
When two or more than two atoms are combined together is called as molecule.
FORMULA WEIGHT:
The total sum of the weights of the atoms present in a substance is called as
formula weight
MOLECULAR WEIGHT:
The sum of the atomic masses present in a substance is called as molecular
weight.
EMPIRICAL FORMULA:
The simplest formula of a chemical compound that expresses the number of each
kind of atom present in the molecule of a compound is called as empirical
formula.
Example:
The empirical formula of water is "H2O". It indicates that the water molecule is
composed of two elements hydrogen and one element of carbon and the ratio
between these two elements is 2:1.
DETERMINATION OF EMPIRICAL FORMULA:
Book arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 3
, Chemistry Sindh Text Book Board, Jamshoro.
1. First detect the elements that are present in the compound.
2. Determine the masses of each element present in compound.
3. Then calculate the percentage of each element that is present in compound.
4. After that determine mole composition of each element present in compound.
5. in last Determine simplest ratio between the element present in compound.
MOLECULAR FORMULA:
The formula that represents number of atoms in each elemet present in the
compound is called as molecular formula.
MOLECULAR MASS:
The sum of the masses present in a molecule is called as molecular mass.
GRAM MOLECULAR MASS:
The molecular mass if expressed in grams then it is called as gram molecular
mass.
MOLE:
The atomic mass or molecular mass of a substance if expressed in grams is called
as mole.
FORMULA:
Number of moles of = mass of substance (in grams) / molecular mass or atomic
mass or formula mass
AVOGADRO’S NUMBER:
One mole of any substance contains equal number of particles (atoms or
molecules or ions).Value of this number is 6.02 x 1023.
ATOMIC MASS:
The weight of an atom is called as atomic mass. 1 unified atomic mass unit is
defined as 1/12 of the mass of a single carbon-12 atom.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURE:
Significant figures are reliable digits known with certainty in a given number.
The number of significant figure refers to the precision and accuracy of measured
quantity, in this numbers the last digit may not be precisely mentioned, the value
of last digit is uncertain.
RULES OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURE:
1. All non zeros are significant figures. E.g. 789 has 3 significant figures
2. Zero between non significant digits are significant. e.g. 4002 has 4
significant figures
3. Zero locating the decimal point in number, less than 1 is not significant.
E.g. 0.065 has 2 significant figures
4. Final zeros to the right of the decimal point are significant. E.g. 4.000
have 4 significant figures.
Book arranged by www.mynoteslibrary.com 4
