FTCE General Knowledge Questions and Correct Solutions Graded A+

Explicit Meaning - Clearly and Directly stated in passage Inference, conclusion, assumptions - An educated guess based on GIVEN facts and premises *Inference and conclusion is never stated. It's implied. Main Idea/Claim - The central message of the passage Supporting Details/Evidence - Examples, facts, statistics, illustrations, cases, and anecdotes used by the author to explain/develop the main idea Rebuttal - The argument's refutation of counter arguments that offer other opinions Warrant - The argument's reasoning that connects the evidence to the main idea Context Clues - Help readers determine the meaning of the passage or WORDS Expository or Exposition Writing - Used to inform, explain, or define unknown topics. Uses objective tone and non-emotional information (facts, statistics..) Descriptive or Self-expression Writing - Centers on a person, place, or object. Uses sensory words to create tone, mood, or impression, *Arranges details/events in chronological order Narrative or Entertainment Writing - Uses an incident, anecdote, or related series of events. This type of writing is used to amuse or arouse interest in reader Passages are set up to answer the 5 Ws (Who, what, when, where, and why?). -Chronology, the 5 Ws, a topic sentence, and conclusion are essential ingredients. Highly descriptive and action-orientated Persuasive Writing - Used to convince readers to adopt writer's point of view Implies the writer's ability to select vocabulary and arrange facts to convince readers Journalistic Writing - Free of author bias. Information is factual ans objective Spontaneous passage - Free flowing ideas and feelings. No particular order. Allegorical passage - Things (person, place or thing) are presented in a symbolic way that lie outside the narrative itself Facts - verifiable statements Opinion - Statements that need to be supported by beliefs, values, feelings, and judgments before its accepted Judgments - Opinions that express approval or disapproval (based on observation or reasoning) Tone - The author's attitude towards the subject matter Pessimistic, optimistic, informative.... Bias - An opinion or feeling that strongly favors one side of an argument Sequence of events - Order of sentences - Details are presented in the order they have occurred. (chronologically) Classifcation - Order of sentences - The paragraph presents grouped info about a topic. Beginning: states the topic Later paragraphs: state the common base of the different elements. Addition - Relationships between sentences - One sentence is "added" to another without making one sentence depend upon the other. Both are important. Think terms of addition: also, in addition, in other words, to repeat, that is, again Clarification - Relationships between sentences - One sentence restates the point of an earlier one but in different terms Terms: in fact, Comparison/contrast - Relationships between sentences - The similarity or difference of an person, place, or thing Terms: likewise, on the other hand, yet, however, still, nevertheless, in contrast, instead of Example - Relationships between sentences - One sentence that works to make another more specific (implicit) The idea is stated and the rest of the paragraph proves it. Terms: For example, to illustrate, for instance, in this manner Location/Spatial/place order - Relationships between sentences - The relationship between sentences shows the placement of objects or items relative to each other in space Cause/Effect - Relationships between sentences - One event (cause) brings about the second event (effect) Terms: As a result, in effect, for this reason, consequently Summary - Relationships between sentences - Summary sentence surveys and captures the important parts of a passage Terms: in conclusion, overall, in short, in brief Time - Relationships between sentences - The relationship describes the passage of time Terms: shortly thereafter, Valid - An argument that is reasonable and objective (unbiased) Invalid - An argument that is not reasonable and is subjective (bias) Inductive reasoning - Moves from specific points to general conclusions. (Sometimes based on experiences and observations) Ex: Green apples from my friend's house are sour. Green apples from my parent's house are sour. Therefore, all green apples are sour Deductive reasoning - Moves from general conclusion to specific points. (Based on widely accepted truths/principles) Ex: Providing healthcare for all citizens is the responsibility of the government. All true patriots will support any war the government declares. Denotative - Literal meaning of a word Ex. A house is a place where one lives Connotative - Figurative meaning of a word Ex. There is no place like home Technical - Words with specialized meaning Ex. Bandwith, hyperlink Jargon - A special language belonging to a certain group Ex. BP (blood pressure) Simile - Metaphor using LIKE or AS Ex. Run like the wind Personification - Adding human qualities to non-human objects Ex. The wind howled Idioms - A specific word or phrase that means something to the speaker of that language. Ex. Tim is all thumbs (He's not a handy person) Analogies - Compares two things with similar relationship Ex. Hot is to sun, as cold is to ice Oxymoron - When two things contradict each other Ex. Bittersweet, organized chaos Euphemism - Using an innocuous expression instead of one that upsets/offends Ex. He passed away (instead of he died) Time-ordered sequence of events - Organization and Structure Terms - First, Second, Third Later, at last, before, After, until, when Listing of events, ideas, and activities - Organization and Structure Terms - In addition, for example, several Another, also, a number of Definition followed by example of definition - Organization and Structure Terms - Is defined as, is called, refers to