NUR 160 Exam 2, HONDROS Latest 2023 with complete
solution
Hypokalemia and lasix
If pt is Hypokalemic, report to RN before giving Lasix
Hypervolemia Causes
CKD, liver disease, cirrhosis, CHF, increased salt intake, COPD
Hypervolemia Signs and symptoms
Headache, Confusion, Nausea, Vomiting, Coma
Hypovolemia Causes
Vomiting, DM, fever, heat exposure, exercise, no water access, significant injury to skin
Moat accurate assessment of water balance
daily weights in similar clothing, same scale, same time- plus or minus 2 lbs per day,
plus or minus 5 lbs a week
Potassium (K+)
3.5-5
Hyperkalemia causes
AKD, CKD, severe injuries, supplementation
Hyperkalemia signs and symptoms
muscle fatigue, weakness, arrhythmia, irritability, Nausea, death
Hypokalemia causes
diuretics. Diarrhea, excessive sweating, laxatives, ketoacidosis, alcohol abuse
Hypokalemia signs and symptoms
muscle cramps, abdominal distention, constipation, arrhythmia
Renal Pt Diet
low potassium-no potatoes, oranges, bananas, leafy green veggies, apples, avocados
Sodium (Na+)
135-145
Hypernatremia Causes
too much salt, rapid infusion of saline, antacids, increased dairy consumption
Hypernatremia signs and symptoms
decreased urinary output, firm rubbery tissue turgor, restlessness, agitation, confusion,
flushed skin
Hyponatremia Causes
Diarrhea, gastric suctioning, sweating, Vomiting, low sodium intake, burns,
edema/ascites, small bowel obstruction
Hyponatremia signs and symptoms
muscle weakness, fatigue, Headache, restlessness, irritability, hypotension, Nausea,
vomiting
Magnesium (MG+)
1.5-2.5
Hypermagnesemia Causes
Tums, CKD, diabetic ketoacidosis
Hypermagnesemia signs and symptoms
weakness, hypotension, Vomiting, Nausea, coma, death
, Hypomagnesemia Causes
alcoholism, decreased intake of vitamin D, poor absorption
Hypomagnesemia Signs and symptoms
seizures, Increased DTR, arrhthmias, agitation, Nausea, vomiting
Alcoholics-precautions
All alcoholics go in seizure precautions
Calcium (Ca+)
8-10
Hypercalcemia causes
supplements, calcium, immobilization, antacid, parathyroidism
Hypercalcemia signs and symptoms
anorexia, N,V, decreased DTR, confusion, coma, constipation, kidney stones
Hypocalcemia Causes
decreased calcium and Vit D, Diarrhea, diuretics, alcoholism, malabsorption, burns
Hypocalcemia signs and symptoms
irritanility, osteoporosis, N,V,D, increase dDTR, arrhtymtias, +Trousseau sign,
+Chvostek sign
Trousseau sign
BP
Chvostek sign
cheek
Heparin
PTT
Coumadin
PT/INR
PH (acidosis,alkalosis)
7.35-7.45
PO2
80-100
PCO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
35-45
SaO2
80-100
HCO3 (Bicarb)
22-26
ROME
Repiratory
Opposite
Metabolic
Equal
How to read an ABG
1. Determine if values are high, low, or normal
2. Draw the appropriate arrows next to each value
3. Decide if two values are the same, or if two values are apposite (same=metabolic,
opposite=respiratory)
4. Look at only Ph, if low acidosis, if high alkalosis
solution
Hypokalemia and lasix
If pt is Hypokalemic, report to RN before giving Lasix
Hypervolemia Causes
CKD, liver disease, cirrhosis, CHF, increased salt intake, COPD
Hypervolemia Signs and symptoms
Headache, Confusion, Nausea, Vomiting, Coma
Hypovolemia Causes
Vomiting, DM, fever, heat exposure, exercise, no water access, significant injury to skin
Moat accurate assessment of water balance
daily weights in similar clothing, same scale, same time- plus or minus 2 lbs per day,
plus or minus 5 lbs a week
Potassium (K+)
3.5-5
Hyperkalemia causes
AKD, CKD, severe injuries, supplementation
Hyperkalemia signs and symptoms
muscle fatigue, weakness, arrhythmia, irritability, Nausea, death
Hypokalemia causes
diuretics. Diarrhea, excessive sweating, laxatives, ketoacidosis, alcohol abuse
Hypokalemia signs and symptoms
muscle cramps, abdominal distention, constipation, arrhythmia
Renal Pt Diet
low potassium-no potatoes, oranges, bananas, leafy green veggies, apples, avocados
Sodium (Na+)
135-145
Hypernatremia Causes
too much salt, rapid infusion of saline, antacids, increased dairy consumption
Hypernatremia signs and symptoms
decreased urinary output, firm rubbery tissue turgor, restlessness, agitation, confusion,
flushed skin
Hyponatremia Causes
Diarrhea, gastric suctioning, sweating, Vomiting, low sodium intake, burns,
edema/ascites, small bowel obstruction
Hyponatremia signs and symptoms
muscle weakness, fatigue, Headache, restlessness, irritability, hypotension, Nausea,
vomiting
Magnesium (MG+)
1.5-2.5
Hypermagnesemia Causes
Tums, CKD, diabetic ketoacidosis
Hypermagnesemia signs and symptoms
weakness, hypotension, Vomiting, Nausea, coma, death
, Hypomagnesemia Causes
alcoholism, decreased intake of vitamin D, poor absorption
Hypomagnesemia Signs and symptoms
seizures, Increased DTR, arrhthmias, agitation, Nausea, vomiting
Alcoholics-precautions
All alcoholics go in seizure precautions
Calcium (Ca+)
8-10
Hypercalcemia causes
supplements, calcium, immobilization, antacid, parathyroidism
Hypercalcemia signs and symptoms
anorexia, N,V, decreased DTR, confusion, coma, constipation, kidney stones
Hypocalcemia Causes
decreased calcium and Vit D, Diarrhea, diuretics, alcoholism, malabsorption, burns
Hypocalcemia signs and symptoms
irritanility, osteoporosis, N,V,D, increase dDTR, arrhtymtias, +Trousseau sign,
+Chvostek sign
Trousseau sign
BP
Chvostek sign
cheek
Heparin
PTT
Coumadin
PT/INR
PH (acidosis,alkalosis)
7.35-7.45
PO2
80-100
PCO2 (Carbon Dioxide)
35-45
SaO2
80-100
HCO3 (Bicarb)
22-26
ROME
Repiratory
Opposite
Metabolic
Equal
How to read an ABG
1. Determine if values are high, low, or normal
2. Draw the appropriate arrows next to each value
3. Decide if two values are the same, or if two values are apposite (same=metabolic,
opposite=respiratory)
4. Look at only Ph, if low acidosis, if high alkalosis
