NURS 251 Module 8 VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100% PASS

NURS 251 Module 8 VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100% PASS Acute pain sudden in onset and usually subsides when treated lasting 6 weeks or less in duration. Chronic pain persistent or recurring and often much more difficult to treat. It is classified as any pain lasting 3-6 months or pain lasting longer than 1 month after healing of an acute injury. Chronic pain is especially hard to treat because changes can occur in how the body responds to analgesics over time. Neuropathic pain pain resulting from a damaged nervous system or damaged nerve cells. does not typically respond to traditional pain medications including opioids and NSAIDs. Addiction chronic neurobiological disease in which genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors induce changes in the individual’s behavior to compulsively use drugs despite the harm they may cause. Analgesics medications that relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness. Opioid analgesics synthetic drugs that bind to the opiate receptors in the brain and relieve pain NSAIDs large chemically diverse group of drugs that are analgesics and also possess anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity Tolerance state in which repetitive exposure to a given drug over time induces changes in the drug receptors that reduce the drug’s effects. Physical dependence condition in which a patient takes a drug over a period of time and unpleasant physical symptoms (withdrawal) occur if the drug is stopped abruptly or smaller doses are given and is another sign that tolerance has developed. NSAIDs MOA NSAIDs work by inhibiting the leukotriene or prostaglandin pathway or both. They specifically work by blocking the enzyme cyclooxygenase or COX. NSAIDs Side effects negative effect on the GI tract. These effects can vary ranging from mild heartburn to more serious gastrointestinal bleeds. Another serious adverse event is the risk of acute renal failure. More recently, it has been shown that NSAIDs can also play a role in increasing the risk of a patient having a heart attack or stroke. Opioids MOA binding to the opioid receptors in the brain causing an analgesic response. Most opioids used for their analgesic properties classified as opioid agonists. There are different types of opioid receptors that opioids bind to in order to relieve pain. The mu, kappa, and delta are the most prevalent. Opioids Adverse effects They can cause histamine release that can cause itching, rash and hemodynamic changes such as flushing and orthostatic hypotension. Morphine like opioids release the most histamine whereas meperidine like opioids have the least histamine response. The most serious adverse effect is CNS depression that can lead to respiratory depression. Less serious but very common are the GI tract adverse effects. There are opioid receptors in the GI tract that when stimulated cause nausea, vomiting, and constipation. This stimulation of GI opioid receptors stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain which results in nausea and vomiting. Constipation results from opioids working to slow peristalsis and increasing absorption of water into the intestines. Discuss opioid antagonists (naloxone), specifically how it is used and how its availability has recently changed. Naloxone and naltrexone are two opioid antagonists available to treat opioid overdose. Because they are such strong antagonists, they can actually reverse the effects such as respiratory depression caused by an opioid overdose. Naloxone is available under the trade name Narcan as a nasal spray and Evzio, which is an autoinjector. Due to the growing overdose epidemic in the United States, many states (41 as of August 2018) have now put standing orders in place, making Naloxone available to people without a prescription. The hope is that increasing the accessibility of a lifesaving medication can minimize deaths due to overdose and allo