Chapter 1 - Introduction to Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Functional (physiologic) changes in the body as a result from disease process
Uses knowledge of basic anatomy and physiology
Includes aspects of pathology, which describes structural changes in body tissues caused by disease
Cause and effect relationships, defined by signs and symptoms, guide the study of a specific disease
Health Disease
Physical, mental, and social wellbeing (definition by WHO) Deviation from the normal state of health/
wellness
Adjustments caused by the following: Health Indicators Homeostasis cannot be maintained when
disease develop
Age
Gender Homeostasis: The maintenance of a relatively
Genetics stable internal environment regardless of external
Environment changes
Activity level Examples: BP, temp, fluid balance
As frequent minor changes occur in the body, the
compensation mechanisms respond, and
homeostasis is quickly restored
Medical History
1
, Current and prior illnesses
Allergies
Hospitalizations
Treatment
Specific difficulties
Any type of therapy or drugs
Prescription
Nonprescription
Herbal items, including food supplements
Localization of pain
Any triggers that can increase the pain/symptom
When does the pain occur
Family history or illnesses
New Developments and Trends
Constant updating of information and knowledge
Improved diagnostic tests
Development of more effective drugs
New technologies (eg: electronic device for DM patient)
Extensive research in efforts to prevent, control, or cure many disorders (HPV & cervical cancer hence dev of vaccines)
HPV: Human papillomavirus
Introduction to Cellular Changes
Tissues are modified due to hormonal stimulations (pregnancy, increase in breast and uterine tissue) or environmental stimuli
(irritation)
Cell injury could be reversible (Like adaptation), and cells return to a stable baseline when stimuli is removed
Disease may develop when cell structure and function change and homeostasis cannot be maintained as a result. With severe or
persistent stress, Irreversible changes in a cell signal a change in DNA structure or function
For example, getting a sunburn
Cells may be damaged or destroyed by
2
, Change in metabolic process
Reduced level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Altered pH in the cells
Damage to cell membrane
Cellular Adaptations
3
Pathophysiology
Functional (physiologic) changes in the body as a result from disease process
Uses knowledge of basic anatomy and physiology
Includes aspects of pathology, which describes structural changes in body tissues caused by disease
Cause and effect relationships, defined by signs and symptoms, guide the study of a specific disease
Health Disease
Physical, mental, and social wellbeing (definition by WHO) Deviation from the normal state of health/
wellness
Adjustments caused by the following: Health Indicators Homeostasis cannot be maintained when
disease develop
Age
Gender Homeostasis: The maintenance of a relatively
Genetics stable internal environment regardless of external
Environment changes
Activity level Examples: BP, temp, fluid balance
As frequent minor changes occur in the body, the
compensation mechanisms respond, and
homeostasis is quickly restored
Medical History
1
, Current and prior illnesses
Allergies
Hospitalizations
Treatment
Specific difficulties
Any type of therapy or drugs
Prescription
Nonprescription
Herbal items, including food supplements
Localization of pain
Any triggers that can increase the pain/symptom
When does the pain occur
Family history or illnesses
New Developments and Trends
Constant updating of information and knowledge
Improved diagnostic tests
Development of more effective drugs
New technologies (eg: electronic device for DM patient)
Extensive research in efforts to prevent, control, or cure many disorders (HPV & cervical cancer hence dev of vaccines)
HPV: Human papillomavirus
Introduction to Cellular Changes
Tissues are modified due to hormonal stimulations (pregnancy, increase in breast and uterine tissue) or environmental stimuli
(irritation)
Cell injury could be reversible (Like adaptation), and cells return to a stable baseline when stimuli is removed
Disease may develop when cell structure and function change and homeostasis cannot be maintained as a result. With severe or
persistent stress, Irreversible changes in a cell signal a change in DNA structure or function
For example, getting a sunburn
Cells may be damaged or destroyed by
2
, Change in metabolic process
Reduced level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Altered pH in the cells
Damage to cell membrane
Cellular Adaptations
3
