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Class notes - Architectures and Materials For Historic Heritage - Material Part

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Those notes are exclusively for the part of MATERIALS. This document is a comprehensive guide through passing the 'Architectures and Materials for Historic Heritage' exam during the winter semester of the first year of master studies in Building Architecture. Notes taken during the class include all the main aspects and terms mentioned throughout the course. The PDF is composed in a book-like format, clarifying all the concerns and points raised during the lectures. The notes are written on more than 30 pages of texts, graphs and images, which are crucial for profoundly understanding the course topic. It is an excellent way to achieve a higher grade during the exam, gain a deeper understanding of challenging topics, and could serve you to stay ahead of the curriculum. It has helped me and many classmates pass one of the hardest exams.

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ARCHITECTURES
AND MATERIALS
FOR
HISTORIC HERITAGE

NOTES
MATERIALS PART

, Contents
01 Materials in Architecture Module ������������������������������������������������������������������ 1
Chemical Properties �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2
Physical Properties ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2
Thermal Properties �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3
Optical Properties ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3
Mechanical Properties �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3

02 The Interaction Between Built Heritage and Environment ���������������������������� 5

03 Degradation and Conservation of Stones ���������������������������������������������������� 7
Binders and Mortars �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8
Decay �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10

04 Types and Reasons for Decay ������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
Action of water ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
Biodeterioration �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14

05 Aim and Phases of the Conservation Project ���������������������������������������������� 15
Innovative research: nanotechnology ������������������������������������������������������������������19

06 Approach to Knowledge of Historical Buildings ������������������������������������������ 20

07 Degradation and Deterioration of the Metals ���������������������������������������������� 23
Metals for Restoration and in Historic Building �����������������������������������������������������24

08 Durability of Reinforced Concrete Structures of XXth Century ������������������� 27
Cement �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27
Sulphatic attack �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29
Corrosion of rebars ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29
Repair of reinforced concrete structures ��������������������������������������������������������������30




ii

,01
22. 9. 2021.
Materials in Architecture Module
PLACE FOR SUMMARY




How are basic properties of materials relevant with the respect to durability?
Durability -> concept of the time and environment; how materials perform over the exposure of
environmental circumstances over the time.
Compatibility -> materials are compatible if they work together in harmony; similar things go
together with similar things.


It is always important to distinguish symptoms and cause of deterioration. Deterioration mechanism is
reason why damages happen. Materials are solid components, and they are defined as the aggregates
of atoms and molecules bonded together by chemical and physical bonds.


What is the property of material? Property of material is not property of object or element. Property of
material represents the materials reactions to external chemical and physical actions. The property is
always constant and unchangeable, but performance of the material can vary. It could be also presented
as a distinctive quality of each material. Properties could be examined on the three different scales:
• MACRO - STRUCTURE
• MICRO - STRUCTURE
• ATOMIC – MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Macro-structure is observed by naked eye and it is considered as a whole. Properties can be directly
measured through experimental test carried out on the sample. Its characteristics are: mechanical
strength, weight, dimensions, surface features and durability.


Micro-structure is observed by microscopy so that single phases could be identified. Such phasis
contribute to overall behaviour of the material, such as: geometry, characteristics of the phasis and
interface bonds.


Atomic-molecular structure indicates the state of conservation, materials’ reactivity and thus durability.



1

, Material properties that are particularly relevant in the field of historic building conservation include:
• CHEMICAL (relevant to durability, compatibility)
• PHYSICAL (thermal and optical properties)
• MECHANICAL (compressive and tensile strength, hardness)


Chemical Properties
Chemical properties: chemical bonds are derived from the sharing of electrons among two or more
atoms. They can be strong or weak depending on the bond energy. Strong bonds = high resistance to
stresses


Examples of strong bonds: covalent; ionic; metallic
Examples of weak bonds: Van der Waals; hydrogen
Covalent bond: materials with covalent bonding share electrons among two or more atoms. It is a
directional bond -> very strong bonds but no ductility and low thermal conductivity.
Ionic bond: between atoms with remarkable differences in EN, thus exchange of electrons occurs.
Characteristics of this bonds: non directional bond, ionic crystals, soluble salts, water solubility.


Metallic bond: metallic elements due to low electronegativity give up their valence electrons to form
a diffuse ‘electronic cloud’. Positively charged atom cores are held together by the mutual attraction
of the nearby diffused electrons producing a strong bond. Its characteristics are following: strong non
directional bond, thermal conductivity, ductility, high density due to regular and highly packed structures.
Solid materials are composed of atoms and molecules which may be grouped with different levels of
order -> different structures; crystalline = metal; amorphous = glass; semicrystalline = polymers.


Physical Properties
Physical properties: describe the behaviour of a materials subjected to physical actions, such as:
temperature variations, electric or magnetic fields, presence of water or light.

Density is one of the key aspects that is defined as weight per unit volume. Density (ρ) is the mass of
a unit volume of homogeneous materials measured in [g/cm3]. Material density highly correlates to the
structure! For example metals have high density (high atomic number and compact structure) whereas
polymers have low density.
Bulk density is the mass of a unit volume of material in its natural state (with pores and voids). For the
most materials bulk density is less than density, however for liquids and materials like glass and metals,
these parameters are practically the same. Properties like strength and heat conductivity are greatly
affected by their bulk density.


Hygroscopicity: a property of a material to absorb water vapour from the air. It is influenced by air
temperature and relative humidity; pored – their number, type and size.
Water absorption: denotes the ability of a material to absorb and retain water. It is expressed as
percentage in weight or of the volume of dry materials. Ww=((Ms-M))/M [Ms – mass of saturated
material; M – mass of dry material in grams].
Water permeability: is a capacity of a material to allow water to penetrate under the pressure. Materials
like glass, steel or bitumen are impervious.
2

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Unlock Academic Success with My Comprehensive Notes

Unlock Your Academic Success with My Comprehensive Notes! Are you striving for top grades and academic excellence? Look no further! My meticulously crafted, in-depth academic notes are your key to success. Why Choose My Notes? Concise and Comprehensive: I've condensed complex topics into easy-to-understand notes without missing any crucial details. Organised: My notes are neatly organized, making it effortless to locate the information you need quickly. Visual Aids: I've incorporated charts, diagrams, and visuals to enhance your understanding and retention. Up-to-Date: You can trust that my notes are current, reflecting the latest curriculum and research. Subjects Available: Polimi Bachelor Subjects: Mechanics of Materials and Structures; Statics; Building Physics; Urban Planning Polimi MS – Building Architecture Subjects: Architectures and Materials for Historic Heritage; Planning for Environmental Risks Management; Structural Modelling and Numerical Computation; Risk-Based Design; Economic Evaluation How My Notes Will Benefit You: Achieve higher grades with less effort. Gain a deeper understanding of challenging topics. Save time on note-taking and research. Reduce stress during exam periods. Stay ahead of your classmates. Pricing: Affordable rates that won't break your budget. Guaranteed value for your investment. Buy Today: Don't miss out on this opportunity to boost your academic performance effortlessly. Invest in your education today and secure an easier academic future!

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