NR 507 WEEK 1 QUIZ 2 – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

NR 507 WEEK 1 QUIZ 2 – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Week 1 Quiz What of the following remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide? Infectious disease Despite the wide scale implementation of progressive public health and immunization policies, infectious disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Which statement about vaccines is true? Vaccines require booster injections to maintain lifelong protection. In general, vaccine-induced protection does not persist as long as infection-induced immunity, thus booster injections may be necessary to maintain protection throughout life. After sexual transmission of HIV, a person can be infected yet seronegative for _____ months. 6 to 14 Antibody appears rather rapidly after infection through blood products, usually within 4 to 7 weeks. After sexual transmission, however, the individual can be infected yet seronegative for 6 to 14 months or, in at least one case, for years. Cells in _____ may act as a reservoir in which HIV can be relatively protected from antiviral drugs. the central nervous system HIV may persist in regions where the antiviral drugs are not as effective, such as the CNS. Once they have penetrated the first line of defense, which microorganisms do neutrophils actively attack, engulf, and destroy by phagocytosis? Bacteria Invasion results in direct confrontation with an individual’s primary defense mechanisms against bacteria, which include the complement system, antibodies, and phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages. Which statement is true about fungal infections? They are controlled by phagocytes and T lymphocytes. The host defense against fungal infection includes the fungistatic properties of neutrophils and macrophages. T lymphocytes are crucial in limiting the extent of infection and producing cytokines to further activate macrophages. In a type II hypersensitivity reaction, when soluble antigens from infectious agents enter circulation, tissue damage is a result of neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products The components of neutrophil granules, as well as the several toxic oxygen products produced by these cells, damage the tissue. Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(n) altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease Hypersensitivity is an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host. A person with type O blood is likely to have high titers of anti-___ antibodies. A and B Type O individuals, who have neither A or B antigen but have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, cannot accept blood from any of the other three types. During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm? Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors Acting through the H1 receptors, histamine contracts bronchial smooth muscles, causing bronchial constriction; increases vascular permeability, causing edema; and causes vasodilation, increasing blood flow into the affected area (Figures 6-3 and 6-10). Deficiencies in which element can produce depression of both B- and T-cell function? Zinc Deficient zinc intake can profoundly depress T- and B-cell function