LBS 3860 Final Exam 2023 Guide with complete solution
Darwin: Natural Selection
o Basic form is survival of the fittest among organisms
-W/IN: Individuals fight each other for resources (2001 space scene with monkeys)
-Between species: two different species of animals fighting for resources (2001 space
scene where the monkeys are fighting with the tapers for food)
-W/NATURE: trying to survive against the natural environment
Darwin: Rudimentary organs
Organs that are present & have stopped developing, but have little to no use to the host.
Darwin: Nascent organs
Organs that are still developing, have lost their original use to the possessor, but are still
being used. (penguin wings)
Darwin: Man the Toolmaker
o Because of tool use, it discerns the ability for a species' ability to evolve. It brought a
biological difference, because with apes using tools now, they began to become
bipedal, create language, more tools, etc. and evolve.
o Barbarians are inferior to civilized societies based on the fact that they don't have the
ability to use tools
Darwin's Theory of Sexual Selection
Men fight amongst themselves where the winner gets to mate with the female.
-Men are selfish, courageous, physically bigger, taller, etc., intellectual
-Women still have a choice, although no agency of choice. Very complacent.
Gamble: Sexual Selection
- Women have the ability to choose their partners.
- Man became selfish not to fight partners, but that the women prefer a stronger partner.
Gamble: Essentialism
Gamble is an essentialist. She agrees with Darwin because both sexes are born with
certain characteristics (male vs female traits)
Gamble: Women's Apparel
- The role has become reversed in the sense that women now attract their partners.
- Their clothing was uncomfortable but still worn because it was designed to please and
attract the male counterpart.
(modernized version of peacock feathers to attract a mate)
Gamble: Liberation and Progress
- Men's characteristics should be curbed where women need to be liberated.
Gamble: Women's Education
- She's for female education so women don't have to rely on men and they can pass on
their intellect to their daughters.
- Also allows women to selectively choose their mates and let selfish men die out.
Noble/Keller: Nature as Woman/Witch
- At beginning of 17th century, Francis Bacon saw all women as witches. - - To reveal
the truth, they would torture them until confession or outing other women.
Noble/Keller: Empiricism
- Knowledge is not innate and must be experienced outside to see it.
- Preferred taking the subject out of nature to study it outside of habitat.
, Noble/Keller: Clerical Asceticism
- The practice of celibacy of scientists of the Royal Society. - They practiced this in part
to the witch trials since all women were witches and your knowledge would be accused
as heresy by knowing women.
Noble/Keller: Hermetic Science
- Hermetic: men and women create harmony
- Mind and matter create a harmony
Noble/Keller: Mechanical Science
- Separation of emotion and reason
- Domination of man over women and nature
- Mind over matter
- Everything is explained in a mechanical matter like machines
Noble/Keller: Renee Descartes
- Father of mechanical science
Noble/Keller: Royal Society
- The first scientific English community established in 1660 with approval of the King
Noble/Keller: Robert Boyle
- Combined mechanical science and the masculine principle
- One of the youngest founding members of the Royal Society
Schiebinger: Carl Linnaeus
- taxonomist who introduced the term mammaelia
Schiebinger: Humans as Animals
- introduced 'mammaelia' to create the distinction of humans and their place in the
natural world.
- originally placed in as quadrupeds and people were mad since they were closely
related to animals.
Schiebinger: Mammals vs. other options.
- Latin word mammae means 'of the breast.'
- There were other options but he chose this because of ulterior motives to have women
nurse their children as the 'natural' way.
Schiebinger: Mammals vs. homosapiens
- homosapiens (man of wisdom)
- assigned the animal aspect of the human population to females so they would be
lesser
- Women are top of animal kingdom, not the human portion
Schiebinger: Wet-nursing
- Anyone else besides the mother nursing the child.
- Linnaeus didn't like the practice because of the high infant mortality rate caused by
babies getting diseases from breastfeeding on lower class women.
- They used wet nursing so women could keep the shape of their breasts, and if you
had saggy breasts they assumed you were a wench.
Schiebinger: Enlightenment 'equality' vs. Natural law
- Women wanted equality during the enlightenment and scientists used scientific racism
and craniology to argue that women and people of color were different than the white
male.
Darwin: Natural Selection
o Basic form is survival of the fittest among organisms
-W/IN: Individuals fight each other for resources (2001 space scene with monkeys)
-Between species: two different species of animals fighting for resources (2001 space
scene where the monkeys are fighting with the tapers for food)
-W/NATURE: trying to survive against the natural environment
Darwin: Rudimentary organs
Organs that are present & have stopped developing, but have little to no use to the host.
Darwin: Nascent organs
Organs that are still developing, have lost their original use to the possessor, but are still
being used. (penguin wings)
Darwin: Man the Toolmaker
o Because of tool use, it discerns the ability for a species' ability to evolve. It brought a
biological difference, because with apes using tools now, they began to become
bipedal, create language, more tools, etc. and evolve.
o Barbarians are inferior to civilized societies based on the fact that they don't have the
ability to use tools
Darwin's Theory of Sexual Selection
Men fight amongst themselves where the winner gets to mate with the female.
-Men are selfish, courageous, physically bigger, taller, etc., intellectual
-Women still have a choice, although no agency of choice. Very complacent.
Gamble: Sexual Selection
- Women have the ability to choose their partners.
- Man became selfish not to fight partners, but that the women prefer a stronger partner.
Gamble: Essentialism
Gamble is an essentialist. She agrees with Darwin because both sexes are born with
certain characteristics (male vs female traits)
Gamble: Women's Apparel
- The role has become reversed in the sense that women now attract their partners.
- Their clothing was uncomfortable but still worn because it was designed to please and
attract the male counterpart.
(modernized version of peacock feathers to attract a mate)
Gamble: Liberation and Progress
- Men's characteristics should be curbed where women need to be liberated.
Gamble: Women's Education
- She's for female education so women don't have to rely on men and they can pass on
their intellect to their daughters.
- Also allows women to selectively choose their mates and let selfish men die out.
Noble/Keller: Nature as Woman/Witch
- At beginning of 17th century, Francis Bacon saw all women as witches. - - To reveal
the truth, they would torture them until confession or outing other women.
Noble/Keller: Empiricism
- Knowledge is not innate and must be experienced outside to see it.
- Preferred taking the subject out of nature to study it outside of habitat.
, Noble/Keller: Clerical Asceticism
- The practice of celibacy of scientists of the Royal Society. - They practiced this in part
to the witch trials since all women were witches and your knowledge would be accused
as heresy by knowing women.
Noble/Keller: Hermetic Science
- Hermetic: men and women create harmony
- Mind and matter create a harmony
Noble/Keller: Mechanical Science
- Separation of emotion and reason
- Domination of man over women and nature
- Mind over matter
- Everything is explained in a mechanical matter like machines
Noble/Keller: Renee Descartes
- Father of mechanical science
Noble/Keller: Royal Society
- The first scientific English community established in 1660 with approval of the King
Noble/Keller: Robert Boyle
- Combined mechanical science and the masculine principle
- One of the youngest founding members of the Royal Society
Schiebinger: Carl Linnaeus
- taxonomist who introduced the term mammaelia
Schiebinger: Humans as Animals
- introduced 'mammaelia' to create the distinction of humans and their place in the
natural world.
- originally placed in as quadrupeds and people were mad since they were closely
related to animals.
Schiebinger: Mammals vs. other options.
- Latin word mammae means 'of the breast.'
- There were other options but he chose this because of ulterior motives to have women
nurse their children as the 'natural' way.
Schiebinger: Mammals vs. homosapiens
- homosapiens (man of wisdom)
- assigned the animal aspect of the human population to females so they would be
lesser
- Women are top of animal kingdom, not the human portion
Schiebinger: Wet-nursing
- Anyone else besides the mother nursing the child.
- Linnaeus didn't like the practice because of the high infant mortality rate caused by
babies getting diseases from breastfeeding on lower class women.
- They used wet nursing so women could keep the shape of their breasts, and if you
had saggy breasts they assumed you were a wench.
Schiebinger: Enlightenment 'equality' vs. Natural law
- Women wanted equality during the enlightenment and scientists used scientific racism
and craniology to argue that women and people of color were different than the white
male.
