bios 1300 exam 2 study guide 2023 verified
histology
study of tissues and how they are arranged in organs
cell junctions
connections between two cells
tight junctions
good for tissues that act as barriers
desmosome
very strong and help tissues resist stretching
gap junction
fairly weak, but great for allowing cells to communicate quickly
tight junctions
linkage between two adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins and
makes it difficult for substances to pass
example of a tight junction
blood-brain barrier
hemidesmosomes
half desmosomes that anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement
membrane
pemphigus vulgaris
Destruction of desmosomes by own antibodies (autoimmune disorder)
gap junctions are formed by
connexons
where are gap junctions located
located in cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissue
3 steps in gap junction pathology
defects in protein trafficking/assembly, mutations in gap junction molecules,
improper/unregulated exchange of cellular contents
glands
cell or organ that secrets substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for
elimination from the body
secretion
product useful to the body
excretion
waste product
exocrine glands
maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct
external exocrine glands
sweat and tear glands
internal exocrine glands
pancreas and salivary glands
endocrine glands
have no ducts; secret hormones directly into blood
hormones
chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body
, examples of endocrine glands
thyroid, adrenal, pituitary glands
organs that have both endocrine and exocrine functions
liver, pancreas
unicellular glands
found in an epithelium that is predominantly non secretory
capsule
connective tissue covering of exocrine gland
septa or trabeculae
extensions of capsule that divide interior of gland into compartments (lobes and lobules
stroma
connective tissue framework that supports and organizes glandular tissue
parenchyma
cells that preform the tasks of synthesis and secretion
tubular
narrow secretory portion
acinar
secretory cells form dilated sac
tubuloacinar
both tubular and acinar portions
3 modes of secretion
merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
merocrine secretion
uses vesicles that release secretion by exocytosis
apocrine secretion
lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface
holocrine secretion
cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate
what lines blood vessels and heart
endothelium
what lines body cavities like pericardium, peritoneum, pleura
mesothelium
tissue growth
increasing the number of cells or size of existing cells
hyperplasia
growth through cell multiplication
hypertrophy
enlargement of preexisting cells
examples of hypertrophy
muscle growth through exercise; accumulation of body fat
metaplasia
change from one type of mature cell to another
neoplasia
development of a tumor (neoplasm)
differentiation
development of more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue
histology
study of tissues and how they are arranged in organs
cell junctions
connections between two cells
tight junctions
good for tissues that act as barriers
desmosome
very strong and help tissues resist stretching
gap junction
fairly weak, but great for allowing cells to communicate quickly
tight junctions
linkage between two adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins and
makes it difficult for substances to pass
example of a tight junction
blood-brain barrier
hemidesmosomes
half desmosomes that anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement
membrane
pemphigus vulgaris
Destruction of desmosomes by own antibodies (autoimmune disorder)
gap junctions are formed by
connexons
where are gap junctions located
located in cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissue
3 steps in gap junction pathology
defects in protein trafficking/assembly, mutations in gap junction molecules,
improper/unregulated exchange of cellular contents
glands
cell or organ that secrets substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for
elimination from the body
secretion
product useful to the body
excretion
waste product
exocrine glands
maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct
external exocrine glands
sweat and tear glands
internal exocrine glands
pancreas and salivary glands
endocrine glands
have no ducts; secret hormones directly into blood
hormones
chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body
, examples of endocrine glands
thyroid, adrenal, pituitary glands
organs that have both endocrine and exocrine functions
liver, pancreas
unicellular glands
found in an epithelium that is predominantly non secretory
capsule
connective tissue covering of exocrine gland
septa or trabeculae
extensions of capsule that divide interior of gland into compartments (lobes and lobules
stroma
connective tissue framework that supports and organizes glandular tissue
parenchyma
cells that preform the tasks of synthesis and secretion
tubular
narrow secretory portion
acinar
secretory cells form dilated sac
tubuloacinar
both tubular and acinar portions
3 modes of secretion
merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
merocrine secretion
uses vesicles that release secretion by exocytosis
apocrine secretion
lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface
holocrine secretion
cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate
what lines blood vessels and heart
endothelium
what lines body cavities like pericardium, peritoneum, pleura
mesothelium
tissue growth
increasing the number of cells or size of existing cells
hyperplasia
growth through cell multiplication
hypertrophy
enlargement of preexisting cells
examples of hypertrophy
muscle growth through exercise; accumulation of body fat
metaplasia
change from one type of mature cell to another
neoplasia
development of a tumor (neoplasm)
differentiation
development of more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue
