BIOS 1300 Final Exam Fall 2023 with complete solution
where does the spinal cord end in an adult
L1-L2
what is inferior to the end of the spinal cord
cauda equina
how many spinal nerves for each section
8 cranial, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coxxygeal
why are the spinal nerves mixed nerves?
because they contain both motor and sensory
4 parts of gray matter
anterior horns, posterior horns, lateral horns, gray commisure
what in the gray matter contains the motor nuclei?
anterior horns
what in the gray matter contains the sensory synapses?
posterior horns
what in the gray matter contains the autonomic nuclei?
lateral horns
what in the gray matter surrounds the central canal?
gray commissure
what is external to the gray matter
white matter
white mater is subdivided into 3 pairs of
columns of funiculus
individual tracts conduct either sensory signals from ________ or motor signal to
________
receptors: sensory
effectors: motor
most pathways _______ from one side of the body to another at some point as it
travels
decussate (cross over)
referes to a relationship on the opposite side
contralateral
means the same side
ispilateral
has to travel up to the CNS
afferent
process sensory information from skin, muscle, joints
somatosensory pathways
process stimuli from the viscera
viscerosensory pathways
Afferent sensory pathways
first order neuron, second order neuron, third order neuron
which neuron does the dendrites of sensory neuron are part of receptor that
defects stimulus cell body resides in DRG
first order neuron
, which neuron does it use interneurons and projects to thalamus
second order neuron
which neuron does it use the interneuron begin in thalamus and ends in parietal
lobe of cerebrum
third order neuron
carries motor information down the brainstem and spinal cord
motor pathways- descending tracts
function of Upper motor neuron
excite or inhibitory activity of LMN
cell body in cerebral cortex or brain stem
Upper motor neuron
cell body in anterior horn of spinal cord or nucleus of cranial nerve
lower motor neuron
where does LMN terminate
skeletal muscle
function of LMN
always excitatory to skeletal muscle
information that cortocospinal pathway carries
voluntary motor
organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (axons) bound by CT
nerve
most inside-surrounds neuron and fills space
endoneurium
surrounds each fascicle
perineurium
surrounds each nerve (large bundles of axons)
epineurium
______ ______ nerves have a high metabolic rate
blood vessel
peripheral nerve fibers carry two types of info:
motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent)
collection of cell bodies outside the CNS
ganglion
what kind of axons originate from the spinal cord and exit via anterior (ventral)
root
motor axons
what kind of axons have cell bodies in the DRG and enter the spinal coed via the
posterior (dorsal) root
sensory axons
each anterior and posterior root unite in the ________ to form the _____________
intervertebral foramen to form the spinal nerve
which ramus innervates deep back muscles (erector spine) and sensory for skin
of back
posterior (dorsal)
which ramus innervates rest of trunk, limbs
anterior (ventral)
where does the spinal cord end in an adult
L1-L2
what is inferior to the end of the spinal cord
cauda equina
how many spinal nerves for each section
8 cranial, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coxxygeal
why are the spinal nerves mixed nerves?
because they contain both motor and sensory
4 parts of gray matter
anterior horns, posterior horns, lateral horns, gray commisure
what in the gray matter contains the motor nuclei?
anterior horns
what in the gray matter contains the sensory synapses?
posterior horns
what in the gray matter contains the autonomic nuclei?
lateral horns
what in the gray matter surrounds the central canal?
gray commissure
what is external to the gray matter
white matter
white mater is subdivided into 3 pairs of
columns of funiculus
individual tracts conduct either sensory signals from ________ or motor signal to
________
receptors: sensory
effectors: motor
most pathways _______ from one side of the body to another at some point as it
travels
decussate (cross over)
referes to a relationship on the opposite side
contralateral
means the same side
ispilateral
has to travel up to the CNS
afferent
process sensory information from skin, muscle, joints
somatosensory pathways
process stimuli from the viscera
viscerosensory pathways
Afferent sensory pathways
first order neuron, second order neuron, third order neuron
which neuron does the dendrites of sensory neuron are part of receptor that
defects stimulus cell body resides in DRG
first order neuron
, which neuron does it use interneurons and projects to thalamus
second order neuron
which neuron does it use the interneuron begin in thalamus and ends in parietal
lobe of cerebrum
third order neuron
carries motor information down the brainstem and spinal cord
motor pathways- descending tracts
function of Upper motor neuron
excite or inhibitory activity of LMN
cell body in cerebral cortex or brain stem
Upper motor neuron
cell body in anterior horn of spinal cord or nucleus of cranial nerve
lower motor neuron
where does LMN terminate
skeletal muscle
function of LMN
always excitatory to skeletal muscle
information that cortocospinal pathway carries
voluntary motor
organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (axons) bound by CT
nerve
most inside-surrounds neuron and fills space
endoneurium
surrounds each fascicle
perineurium
surrounds each nerve (large bundles of axons)
epineurium
______ ______ nerves have a high metabolic rate
blood vessel
peripheral nerve fibers carry two types of info:
motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent)
collection of cell bodies outside the CNS
ganglion
what kind of axons originate from the spinal cord and exit via anterior (ventral)
root
motor axons
what kind of axons have cell bodies in the DRG and enter the spinal coed via the
posterior (dorsal) root
sensory axons
each anterior and posterior root unite in the ________ to form the _____________
intervertebral foramen to form the spinal nerve
which ramus innervates deep back muscles (erector spine) and sensory for skin
of back
posterior (dorsal)
which ramus innervates rest of trunk, limbs
anterior (ventral)
