Genetics determined by genetics but - Epigenetic changes affect
1. Terms: by the environment they gene expression to turn
● Homozygous and are raised in. genes “on” and “off.” Since
Heterozygous → Intelligence results from environment and
an interaction of genes behaviors, such as diet
and experience. and exercise, can result in
→ The potential for high epigenetic changes, it is
intelligence may be limited easy to see the
in poor environments – connection between
reducing poverty might genes, behaviors, and
help every child reach their environment.
intellectual potential.
● Phenotype – an - Selective ‘Breeding’ Isn’t Nervous System
individual's observable Applicable – in humans, 1. Central Nervous System
traits, such as height, eye we don’t “selectively (CNS)
color, and blood type. breed” for skills like we ● Loc: within the skull and
● Genotype – the total sum might in animals, families spine.
of genes transferred from might have traditions of ● Composed of the brain (in
parents to offspring (DNA certain skills/ professions the skull) and the spinal
sequence). and children in those cord (in the spine).
● Allele – a variation of the families might have more ● Eg.: when touching smth
same sequence of exposure to those skills. hot, the body's reflex to
nucleotides at the same - Traits Can Be pull away – is mediated by
place on a long DNA Misinterpreted – a child a rapid communication
molecule. who grows up in a loop between sensory
● Dominant Gene – a multilingual family might receptors, the spinal cord,
dominant allele produces a be seen as having a and muscles.
dominant phenotype in 'natural' talent for 2. Peripheral Nervous
individuals who have one languages. In reality, their System (PNS)
copy of the allele, which proficiency might stem ● Loc: outside the skull and
can come from just one from their early and spine.
parent. frequent exposure to - Somatic Nervous System
● Recessive Gene – multiple languages, not (SNS): interacts with the
produces a recessive necessarily their innate external environment
phenotype, the individual linguistic intelligence. ● Afferent Nerves: carry
must have two copies, one 4. Role of Genetics in sensory signals from
from each parent. Understanding external body parts →
Differences CNS.
● Twin Studies ● Efferent Nerves: carry
- Monozygotic Twins: arise motor signals from CNS
from the same zygote; → skeletal muscles.
genetically identical. ● Eg.: deciding to reach for a
- Dizygotic Twins: arise cup, the SNS sends the
from two zygotes; motor signals for arm
genetically similar to muscles to move and also
regular siblings. receives sensory
- Even though feedback about the cup’s
monozygotic twins are texture and temperature.
genetically identical, as - Autonomic Nervous
they grow up, they will System (ANS): regulates
have some differences, the body’s internal
hence, they are no longer environment
2. Tryon’s considered “genetically ● Afferent Nerves: carry
Selective-Breeding expr. identical” throughout life. sensory signals from
● Selective breeding animal - This explains why the internal organs → CNS
experiment. other twin can get a ● Efferent Nerves: carry
● Employed automated disease while the other motor signals from the
maze-running machinery remains healthy. CNS → internal organs.
to minimize measurement 5. Role of both genetics - Sympathetic Nrvs.:
error and, using truncation and environment in energy mobilization – The
selection, bred two behavioral development "fight or flight" response
different strains of rats: ● Phenylketonuria during a perceived threat
“maze-bright” (rats making - Cause: recessive gene is driven by sympathetic
the fewest mistakes) and mutation; impacts only activation, causing
“maze-dull” (rats making homozygous individuals. increased heart rate and
the most mistakes) rats. ● Epigenetic effects alertness.
● Rats were bred based on - Epigenetic – relating to - Parasympathetic Nrvs.:
their performance. changes, especially energy conservation –
● The clear distinction heritable changes, in the After a big meal, the "rest
between the 2 groups after characteristics of a cell/ and digest" response,
8 gens.: the best organism that result from where your body focuses
maze-dull rats made more altered gene expression/ on digestion and you feel
mistakes than the worst other effects not involving relaxed, is driven by the
maze-bright rats. changes to the DNA parasympathetic system.
3. Controls and sequence itself. ● Eg.: feeling a racing heart
Subsequent Studies during a stressful exam is
● Cross-Fostering Control a result of the ANS
- Maze-bright offspring responding to a
raised by maze-dull psychological state.
parents still performed 3. Meninges and
well. Nociceptors
- Maze-dull offspring raised ● (Protection of the CNS)
by maze-bright parents Three protective
still made many errors. membranes: the
● Broader Implications meninges
- Environmental Influence - Dura Mater: the outermost
on Language – isn’t tough membrane.
1. Terms: by the environment they gene expression to turn
● Homozygous and are raised in. genes “on” and “off.” Since
Heterozygous → Intelligence results from environment and
an interaction of genes behaviors, such as diet
and experience. and exercise, can result in
→ The potential for high epigenetic changes, it is
intelligence may be limited easy to see the
in poor environments – connection between
reducing poverty might genes, behaviors, and
help every child reach their environment.
intellectual potential.
● Phenotype – an - Selective ‘Breeding’ Isn’t Nervous System
individual's observable Applicable – in humans, 1. Central Nervous System
traits, such as height, eye we don’t “selectively (CNS)
color, and blood type. breed” for skills like we ● Loc: within the skull and
● Genotype – the total sum might in animals, families spine.
of genes transferred from might have traditions of ● Composed of the brain (in
parents to offspring (DNA certain skills/ professions the skull) and the spinal
sequence). and children in those cord (in the spine).
● Allele – a variation of the families might have more ● Eg.: when touching smth
same sequence of exposure to those skills. hot, the body's reflex to
nucleotides at the same - Traits Can Be pull away – is mediated by
place on a long DNA Misinterpreted – a child a rapid communication
molecule. who grows up in a loop between sensory
● Dominant Gene – a multilingual family might receptors, the spinal cord,
dominant allele produces a be seen as having a and muscles.
dominant phenotype in 'natural' talent for 2. Peripheral Nervous
individuals who have one languages. In reality, their System (PNS)
copy of the allele, which proficiency might stem ● Loc: outside the skull and
can come from just one from their early and spine.
parent. frequent exposure to - Somatic Nervous System
● Recessive Gene – multiple languages, not (SNS): interacts with the
produces a recessive necessarily their innate external environment
phenotype, the individual linguistic intelligence. ● Afferent Nerves: carry
must have two copies, one 4. Role of Genetics in sensory signals from
from each parent. Understanding external body parts →
Differences CNS.
● Twin Studies ● Efferent Nerves: carry
- Monozygotic Twins: arise motor signals from CNS
from the same zygote; → skeletal muscles.
genetically identical. ● Eg.: deciding to reach for a
- Dizygotic Twins: arise cup, the SNS sends the
from two zygotes; motor signals for arm
genetically similar to muscles to move and also
regular siblings. receives sensory
- Even though feedback about the cup’s
monozygotic twins are texture and temperature.
genetically identical, as - Autonomic Nervous
they grow up, they will System (ANS): regulates
have some differences, the body’s internal
hence, they are no longer environment
2. Tryon’s considered “genetically ● Afferent Nerves: carry
Selective-Breeding expr. identical” throughout life. sensory signals from
● Selective breeding animal - This explains why the internal organs → CNS
experiment. other twin can get a ● Efferent Nerves: carry
● Employed automated disease while the other motor signals from the
maze-running machinery remains healthy. CNS → internal organs.
to minimize measurement 5. Role of both genetics - Sympathetic Nrvs.:
error and, using truncation and environment in energy mobilization – The
selection, bred two behavioral development "fight or flight" response
different strains of rats: ● Phenylketonuria during a perceived threat
“maze-bright” (rats making - Cause: recessive gene is driven by sympathetic
the fewest mistakes) and mutation; impacts only activation, causing
“maze-dull” (rats making homozygous individuals. increased heart rate and
the most mistakes) rats. ● Epigenetic effects alertness.
● Rats were bred based on - Epigenetic – relating to - Parasympathetic Nrvs.:
their performance. changes, especially energy conservation –
● The clear distinction heritable changes, in the After a big meal, the "rest
between the 2 groups after characteristics of a cell/ and digest" response,
8 gens.: the best organism that result from where your body focuses
maze-dull rats made more altered gene expression/ on digestion and you feel
mistakes than the worst other effects not involving relaxed, is driven by the
maze-bright rats. changes to the DNA parasympathetic system.
3. Controls and sequence itself. ● Eg.: feeling a racing heart
Subsequent Studies during a stressful exam is
● Cross-Fostering Control a result of the ANS
- Maze-bright offspring responding to a
raised by maze-dull psychological state.
parents still performed 3. Meninges and
well. Nociceptors
- Maze-dull offspring raised ● (Protection of the CNS)
by maze-bright parents Three protective
still made many errors. membranes: the
● Broader Implications meninges
- Environmental Influence - Dura Mater: the outermost
on Language – isn’t tough membrane.
