Maryville NURS 611 patho exam 1 2023/
149 Questions and Answers/ Verified.
Apoptosis - -A programmed cell death that is regulated or
programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted
cell populations
-Necrosis - -Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure,
organelle swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
-What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis
(especially the kidney and heart) - -hypoxia
-What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - -ischemia
-Main component of a cell - -nucleus
-What does the nucleus contain? - -nucleolus
-What is the nucleolus composed of? - -RNA, most of cellular
DNA, DNA binding proteins, and histones
-Why are histone important? - -histones bind to DNA and fold it
into chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
-What are ribosomes? - -RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins)
that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the
cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear
pore complexes (NPCs)
-Where can ribosomes be found? - -cytoplasm and rough ER
-what are ribosomes chief function? - -provides sits for cellular
protein synthesis
, -What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - -a network of flatten,
smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the
nucleus of the cell
-What does the Golgi apparatus do? - -takes proteins from the ER
and processes/packages them into small membrane-bound
vesicles called "secretory vesicles, and refines and directs traffic
in the cell
-What are lysosomes and what do they do? - -maintain cellular
health by removal of toxic cellular components, removal of
useless organelles, termination of signal transduction, and signals
cellular adaption
-How does aging affect lysosomes? - -leads to progressive loss of
lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of
organs and tissue
-What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - -nutrient
abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate
them into instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward
either proliferation or inactivity
-What is mitochondria responsible for? - -cellular respiration,
cellular metabolism , and energy production
-What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - -
enzymes of the respiratory chain and are essential to the process
of oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's ATP
-The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1),
involve what two things (2), and metabolizes what three things
(3)? - -1- metabolic
, 2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
-What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form
metabolic dearangements? - -carbs, proteins, and lipids
-What is physiologic atrophy? - -occurs in early development. ex:
thymus glad during childhood
-What is pathologic atrophy? - -occurs as a result of decreases in
workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal
stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to
decreased hormonal stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for
a prolonged time
-what is hypertrophy? - -increase in cell size
-Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - -hypertrophy
of myocardial cells from endurance training
-example of pathologic hypertrophy - -cardiomegaly in a
hypertensive patient
-What is hyperplasia? - -increase in the number of cells
-example of compensatory hyperplasia? - -regeneration of the
liver
-example of pathological hyperplasia - -endometrial tissue
-example of hormonal hyperplasia - -enlargement of the uterus
during pregnancy
149 Questions and Answers/ Verified.
Apoptosis - -A programmed cell death that is regulated or
programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted
cell populations
-Necrosis - -Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure,
organelle swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
-What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis
(especially the kidney and heart) - -hypoxia
-What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - -ischemia
-Main component of a cell - -nucleus
-What does the nucleus contain? - -nucleolus
-What is the nucleolus composed of? - -RNA, most of cellular
DNA, DNA binding proteins, and histones
-Why are histone important? - -histones bind to DNA and fold it
into chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
-What are ribosomes? - -RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins)
that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the
cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear
pore complexes (NPCs)
-Where can ribosomes be found? - -cytoplasm and rough ER
-what are ribosomes chief function? - -provides sits for cellular
protein synthesis
, -What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - -a network of flatten,
smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the
nucleus of the cell
-What does the Golgi apparatus do? - -takes proteins from the ER
and processes/packages them into small membrane-bound
vesicles called "secretory vesicles, and refines and directs traffic
in the cell
-What are lysosomes and what do they do? - -maintain cellular
health by removal of toxic cellular components, removal of
useless organelles, termination of signal transduction, and signals
cellular adaption
-How does aging affect lysosomes? - -leads to progressive loss of
lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of
organs and tissue
-What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - -nutrient
abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate
them into instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward
either proliferation or inactivity
-What is mitochondria responsible for? - -cellular respiration,
cellular metabolism , and energy production
-What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - -
enzymes of the respiratory chain and are essential to the process
of oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's ATP
-The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1),
involve what two things (2), and metabolizes what three things
(3)? - -1- metabolic
, 2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
-What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form
metabolic dearangements? - -carbs, proteins, and lipids
-What is physiologic atrophy? - -occurs in early development. ex:
thymus glad during childhood
-What is pathologic atrophy? - -occurs as a result of decreases in
workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal
stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to
decreased hormonal stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for
a prolonged time
-what is hypertrophy? - -increase in cell size
-Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - -hypertrophy
of myocardial cells from endurance training
-example of pathologic hypertrophy - -cardiomegaly in a
hypertensive patient
-What is hyperplasia? - -increase in the number of cells
-example of compensatory hyperplasia? - -regeneration of the
liver
-example of pathological hyperplasia - -endometrial tissue
-example of hormonal hyperplasia - -enlargement of the uterus
during pregnancy
