BIOLOGY
Coordination Systems
● All living things need fuel and oxygen
● Carbs form the base of living things
○ The most important type is glucose
● Sucrose (table sugar) → glucose bonded to fructose
● Starch → many sucrose molecules
● Fibre → many starch molecules
● To make use of carbs, we need to:
○ Break down the macro molecules into glucose
■ Fuel + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
○ Chemically combine with oxygen
■ Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
○ Extract waste products for the next reaction
■ C6H12O6((aq) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
Nervous Control
● CNS - Central nervous system
● PNS - peripheral nervous system
● Neurons are cells that have a nucleus, cytoplasm (fluid), and every other
organelle in an animal cell
○ Ethanol is a neurotoxin that attacks neurons
Reaction Speed
● Time it takes to process and react to said stimuli
● Generally, our
reaction time
decreases as
we get older,
it’s also an
effect of
substance
abuse
The Eye
● Cornea
protects the
eye by acting
as a structural
barrier
, ● Conjunctiva is the fluid that covers the eye to keep it moist
● Photoreceptors are found within the retina wall, they are black in order to
absorb most of the light.
● Cones and rods are shadow receptors
● There are three cones: red, green and blue, and a lot of them to provide
saturation of light
Reflex Arc
● Some stimuli are dangerous, ie. standing in
fire
● Reflex acts independently from the brain
● Reflex arc is a collection of a few neurons
● Sensory, motor and interneurons are used in reflexes
Somatic v Autonomic System
● Somatic system is a subgroup of PNS, it’s in control of muscles attached to
bones
○ They are the only thing we are fully in control of
● autonomic nervous system controls the muscle that we need to stay alive
‘involuntarily’
○ This means while we sleep or if our consciousness is impaired
○ The system splits into 2
■ Sympathetic system - fight or flight
■ Parasympathetic system - calms down after stressful situations
● Many different parts of the brain connect to this system, allowing it to maintain
homeostasis
Coordination Systems
● All living things need fuel and oxygen
● Carbs form the base of living things
○ The most important type is glucose
● Sucrose (table sugar) → glucose bonded to fructose
● Starch → many sucrose molecules
● Fibre → many starch molecules
● To make use of carbs, we need to:
○ Break down the macro molecules into glucose
■ Fuel + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
○ Chemically combine with oxygen
■ Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
○ Extract waste products for the next reaction
■ C6H12O6((aq) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
Nervous Control
● CNS - Central nervous system
● PNS - peripheral nervous system
● Neurons are cells that have a nucleus, cytoplasm (fluid), and every other
organelle in an animal cell
○ Ethanol is a neurotoxin that attacks neurons
Reaction Speed
● Time it takes to process and react to said stimuli
● Generally, our
reaction time
decreases as
we get older,
it’s also an
effect of
substance
abuse
The Eye
● Cornea
protects the
eye by acting
as a structural
barrier
, ● Conjunctiva is the fluid that covers the eye to keep it moist
● Photoreceptors are found within the retina wall, they are black in order to
absorb most of the light.
● Cones and rods are shadow receptors
● There are three cones: red, green and blue, and a lot of them to provide
saturation of light
Reflex Arc
● Some stimuli are dangerous, ie. standing in
fire
● Reflex acts independently from the brain
● Reflex arc is a collection of a few neurons
● Sensory, motor and interneurons are used in reflexes
Somatic v Autonomic System
● Somatic system is a subgroup of PNS, it’s in control of muscles attached to
bones
○ They are the only thing we are fully in control of
● autonomic nervous system controls the muscle that we need to stay alive
‘involuntarily’
○ This means while we sleep or if our consciousness is impaired
○ The system splits into 2
■ Sympathetic system - fight or flight
■ Parasympathetic system - calms down after stressful situations
● Many different parts of the brain connect to this system, allowing it to maintain
homeostasis
