Cell Biology: Exam 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dk9687
- the hepatocyte's function is focused
on protein synthesis (i.e., albumin made
here) which requires ample endoplasmic
how does a hepatocyte's structure help reticulum and occasionally multiple nu-
its function within the liver? clei
-many metabolic enzymes reside in the
ER which is used to help detoxify the
blood
- a cardiac muscle cell's function is to
help support heart contractions
-the cell contains many striations which
how does a cardiac myocyte's structure
contain contractile elements. Ample mi-
help support its function
tochondria are present to support the
ATP required to perform muscle contrac-
tions
- the pancreatic cells function to SE-
CRETE digestive enzymse which are
how does a pancreatic cell's structure stored and regulated within the zymo-
support its function? gens
- the cell is full of secretory vesicles /
zymogens to help support this function
what is an example of organelles being
- mitochondria & nucleus
functionally "coupled" within a cell?
- unfolded proteins are imported into the
mitochondria
- chaperones begin transitioning them
into folded, functional proteins
- due to environmental stress (i.e.,
describe how the mitochondria and nu- buildup of antibiotic) many unfolded pro-
cleus are functionally coupled within a teins accumulate within the mitochondria
cell and are then digested by proteases
- the presence of the digested remains
triggers a transcription factor in the cy-
tosol that causes and upregulation of the
genes responsible for producing chaper-
ones and proteases
, Cell Biology: Exam 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dk9687
- nucleus and endroplasmic reticulum
what are examples of organelles being
- endoplasmic reticulum and mitochon-
physically coupled within a cell?
dria
- the nucleus has an inner and outer layer
of its membrane. The outer layer of the
nucleus can mold into the ER and give
how are the nucleus and endoplasmic space for calcium channels that will help
reticulum physically coupled to one an- with calcium exchange
other - similarly the ER will protrude into the
nucleus and form channels so that cal-
cium can be delivered directly into the
nucleus
-mitofusins form to attach the mitochon-
dria onto the surface of the ER. This
helps increase their proximity to one an-
how are the ER and mitochondria physi- other
cally coupled to one another? -this coupling increases the efficiency
of calcium diffusion and decreases the
amount of Ca2+ used and the speed of
which it is diffused.
1) starts with a demand for a certain
organelle function or stress signal from
lack of function
2) sensor then sends a signal tot
he nucleus (signal: transcription factor,
what is the process of cell compartment
metabolite, ATP) that will upregulate the
transport?
genes needed to produce that specific
organelle function
3) upregulation results in mRNA being
produced and transported to the cytosol
where proteins are formed
- a mutation within the mitofusin-2 gene
how could a defect in an animal's abil- prevents the ER and mitochondria from
ity to couple the mitochondria and en- binding appropriately and affects the
doplasmic reticulum cause severe prob- cells ability to exchange calcium - causes
lems within their cells? neuronal disease
- the animal's neurons then degenerated
, Cell Biology: Exam 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dk9687
from energy starvation due to the lack of
calcium transferred to the mitochondria
- helps with diagnostics (i.e., many de-
seases present with ataxia and this
knowledge could help identify what to
treat
what are the benefits of understanding a
- targeted gene therapy t
mitofusin-2 gene mutation on a cellular
-can help with breeding (i.e., breeding a
level?
disease out of a line)
-significant economical impact on cellu-
lar / molecular therapy can have on clin-
icians
why are organelles of the cell in constant - to maintain the body's homeostasis lev-
communication with one another? els or respond to stress
1) actin filaments
what are the three main types of cy-
2) intermediate filament
toskeletal structure within a cell?
3) microtubules
- smallest of the 3 filament system
- flexible 2 stranded rods formed from
what is the structure of actin filaments?
monomeric actin which is a globular pro-
tein
1) cortical actin - found throughout the
perimeter of the cell; held in reserve
so they can be shuffled around the cell
when needed; tends to be more flexible
what are the two forms of actin within a
than stress fibers
cell? and what are their characteristics
2) stress fibers - fibers that originate from
one adhesion point and branch out from
the cell membrane; tend to be more rigid
than cortical actin
1) cell movement / locomotion
what are the main functions of actin? 2) cell attachment to extracellular matrix
via focal adhesions
1) a lamellipodium extends and moves to
a point on the extracellular area
2) cortical actin flows through the protru-
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dk9687
- the hepatocyte's function is focused
on protein synthesis (i.e., albumin made
here) which requires ample endoplasmic
how does a hepatocyte's structure help reticulum and occasionally multiple nu-
its function within the liver? clei
-many metabolic enzymes reside in the
ER which is used to help detoxify the
blood
- a cardiac muscle cell's function is to
help support heart contractions
-the cell contains many striations which
how does a cardiac myocyte's structure
contain contractile elements. Ample mi-
help support its function
tochondria are present to support the
ATP required to perform muscle contrac-
tions
- the pancreatic cells function to SE-
CRETE digestive enzymse which are
how does a pancreatic cell's structure stored and regulated within the zymo-
support its function? gens
- the cell is full of secretory vesicles /
zymogens to help support this function
what is an example of organelles being
- mitochondria & nucleus
functionally "coupled" within a cell?
- unfolded proteins are imported into the
mitochondria
- chaperones begin transitioning them
into folded, functional proteins
- due to environmental stress (i.e.,
describe how the mitochondria and nu- buildup of antibiotic) many unfolded pro-
cleus are functionally coupled within a teins accumulate within the mitochondria
cell and are then digested by proteases
- the presence of the digested remains
triggers a transcription factor in the cy-
tosol that causes and upregulation of the
genes responsible for producing chaper-
ones and proteases
, Cell Biology: Exam 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dk9687
- nucleus and endroplasmic reticulum
what are examples of organelles being
- endoplasmic reticulum and mitochon-
physically coupled within a cell?
dria
- the nucleus has an inner and outer layer
of its membrane. The outer layer of the
nucleus can mold into the ER and give
how are the nucleus and endoplasmic space for calcium channels that will help
reticulum physically coupled to one an- with calcium exchange
other - similarly the ER will protrude into the
nucleus and form channels so that cal-
cium can be delivered directly into the
nucleus
-mitofusins form to attach the mitochon-
dria onto the surface of the ER. This
helps increase their proximity to one an-
how are the ER and mitochondria physi- other
cally coupled to one another? -this coupling increases the efficiency
of calcium diffusion and decreases the
amount of Ca2+ used and the speed of
which it is diffused.
1) starts with a demand for a certain
organelle function or stress signal from
lack of function
2) sensor then sends a signal tot
he nucleus (signal: transcription factor,
what is the process of cell compartment
metabolite, ATP) that will upregulate the
transport?
genes needed to produce that specific
organelle function
3) upregulation results in mRNA being
produced and transported to the cytosol
where proteins are formed
- a mutation within the mitofusin-2 gene
how could a defect in an animal's abil- prevents the ER and mitochondria from
ity to couple the mitochondria and en- binding appropriately and affects the
doplasmic reticulum cause severe prob- cells ability to exchange calcium - causes
lems within their cells? neuronal disease
- the animal's neurons then degenerated
, Cell Biology: Exam 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dk9687
from energy starvation due to the lack of
calcium transferred to the mitochondria
- helps with diagnostics (i.e., many de-
seases present with ataxia and this
knowledge could help identify what to
treat
what are the benefits of understanding a
- targeted gene therapy t
mitofusin-2 gene mutation on a cellular
-can help with breeding (i.e., breeding a
level?
disease out of a line)
-significant economical impact on cellu-
lar / molecular therapy can have on clin-
icians
why are organelles of the cell in constant - to maintain the body's homeostasis lev-
communication with one another? els or respond to stress
1) actin filaments
what are the three main types of cy-
2) intermediate filament
toskeletal structure within a cell?
3) microtubules
- smallest of the 3 filament system
- flexible 2 stranded rods formed from
what is the structure of actin filaments?
monomeric actin which is a globular pro-
tein
1) cortical actin - found throughout the
perimeter of the cell; held in reserve
so they can be shuffled around the cell
when needed; tends to be more flexible
what are the two forms of actin within a
than stress fibers
cell? and what are their characteristics
2) stress fibers - fibers that originate from
one adhesion point and branch out from
the cell membrane; tend to be more rigid
than cortical actin
1) cell movement / locomotion
what are the main functions of actin? 2) cell attachment to extracellular matrix
via focal adhesions
1) a lamellipodium extends and moves to
a point on the extracellular area
2) cortical actin flows through the protru-
