Utilitarianism
They take preferences and desires of morality. Consequentialism is mainly utilitarianism.
Jeremy Bentham said that a reference group is all the people that are affected by the action or the
policy.
Amartya Sen is between deontologist and utilitarian. He came up with a different definition of the
reference group, he is primarily an economist. He would say that when talking about what is moral
rights on utilitarian grounds, you have to include all human beings in the world. For him,
utilitarianism is quite an altruistic theory, because if you have to think of the interest of every person
with every decision that you take as government, there needs to be quite a redistribution of
resources. You have to think of each consequence for every person. You could also say have to
include possible future generations, think of environmental problems and other kinds of technology,
such as nuclear technology. Taking the future generation into account might lead to reconsiderations
of policies. One problem of utilitarianism is they are often not clear about their reference group, who
is to be counted in of preferences that are relevant for the present group.
Peter Singer was very focussed on the ethics of animals, he said that there is no reason to exclude
animals. Taking into account preferences of some human beings that may even have less
consciousness than animals, so why not include animals? It shows that utilitarianism (satisfaction of
individuals according to their preferences) is very different from egoism, this is what these three
people show. Egoism is not one of the objections.
Deontologists
Deontological theories say that the criterion for rightness of actions is the conformity with rules or
norms and are pluralistic by nature. Starting point is a set of values with varies of norms, instead of
one moral or criterion. They are focussed on individuals as well.
Communitarianism
Normative: community values, common good, solidarity, patriotism. Typical ideas about fairness;
communitarianism would say community comes first. In ideas about fairness for instance,
communitarians would say that the community comes first, they think of quality of life as first focus
and quality of personality; virtues. They are very interested in this. These people are focussed on the
community and think more of quality of life and of personalities when it comes to ethics. Virtues are
primarily important as a way of life, as personalities, this comes first. The patriotist, solidary person
that cares for community values can do things that are not in conformity with what we would think
loyalty, solidarity is as it is something of personality. Communitarian point of view would say actions
are right or wrong. Think of not killing people, the deontologists and utilitarians would say that
because it’s wrong for the people that is being harmed. A real communitarian would say it’s wrong
primarily because for you as a person it is bad, it reflects on you as a person. This theory says there is
a duty to become happy people without doing wrong acts, idea behind virtues. You as a citizen have
to become a good person.
Conflicting theories
Deontologists say that the individuals come first, utilitarians say that the individual is important but
not that important and communitarians say that the community comes first. There is elements of all
three theories in your own moral view, people have different ideas or a small part of these different
theories, so a policy maker should recon ciliate those different perspectives. The community tells you
They take preferences and desires of morality. Consequentialism is mainly utilitarianism.
Jeremy Bentham said that a reference group is all the people that are affected by the action or the
policy.
Amartya Sen is between deontologist and utilitarian. He came up with a different definition of the
reference group, he is primarily an economist. He would say that when talking about what is moral
rights on utilitarian grounds, you have to include all human beings in the world. For him,
utilitarianism is quite an altruistic theory, because if you have to think of the interest of every person
with every decision that you take as government, there needs to be quite a redistribution of
resources. You have to think of each consequence for every person. You could also say have to
include possible future generations, think of environmental problems and other kinds of technology,
such as nuclear technology. Taking the future generation into account might lead to reconsiderations
of policies. One problem of utilitarianism is they are often not clear about their reference group, who
is to be counted in of preferences that are relevant for the present group.
Peter Singer was very focussed on the ethics of animals, he said that there is no reason to exclude
animals. Taking into account preferences of some human beings that may even have less
consciousness than animals, so why not include animals? It shows that utilitarianism (satisfaction of
individuals according to their preferences) is very different from egoism, this is what these three
people show. Egoism is not one of the objections.
Deontologists
Deontological theories say that the criterion for rightness of actions is the conformity with rules or
norms and are pluralistic by nature. Starting point is a set of values with varies of norms, instead of
one moral or criterion. They are focussed on individuals as well.
Communitarianism
Normative: community values, common good, solidarity, patriotism. Typical ideas about fairness;
communitarianism would say community comes first. In ideas about fairness for instance,
communitarians would say that the community comes first, they think of quality of life as first focus
and quality of personality; virtues. They are very interested in this. These people are focussed on the
community and think more of quality of life and of personalities when it comes to ethics. Virtues are
primarily important as a way of life, as personalities, this comes first. The patriotist, solidary person
that cares for community values can do things that are not in conformity with what we would think
loyalty, solidarity is as it is something of personality. Communitarian point of view would say actions
are right or wrong. Think of not killing people, the deontologists and utilitarians would say that
because it’s wrong for the people that is being harmed. A real communitarian would say it’s wrong
primarily because for you as a person it is bad, it reflects on you as a person. This theory says there is
a duty to become happy people without doing wrong acts, idea behind virtues. You as a citizen have
to become a good person.
Conflicting theories
Deontologists say that the individuals come first, utilitarians say that the individual is important but
not that important and communitarians say that the community comes first. There is elements of all
three theories in your own moral view, people have different ideas or a small part of these different
theories, so a policy maker should recon ciliate those different perspectives. The community tells you
