EPPP Practice Exam Questions
J. Berry acculturation, integration - J. Barry conceptualizes acculturation as many
models existing on a continuum, with the minority culture and the majority or
mainstream culture at opposite poles. Integration would be displayed by an individual
who has high retention of the minority culture and high maintenance of the mainstream
culture.
Lenore Walker cycle of violence, battered women - Lenore Walker describes a cycle of
violence that involves three stags: tension building, acute battering incident, and loving
contrition. According to Walker, most of the benefits of the relationship occur in the third
stage, when the batterer offers apologies, assurances that the attacks will never happen
again, and declarations of love. The relationship tends to remain stable when the
balance between the costs of the abuse and the benefits of the relationship are fairly
similar. As violence escalates, the relationship becomes more unstable, and the man
escalates his charming behavior in an attempt to restore stability.
behavioral contrast effect - If we are reinforced for performing two different operants,
and reinforcement for one of these behaviors stops, we tend to increase the rate of the
remaining reinforced behavior. That is probably because the reinforcement that remains
seems to become more valuable.
doctrine of comparable worth - States that workers (in particular, men and women)
should get equal pay for performing jobs that have equivalent worth (use job evaluation)
M. Seligman theory of learned optimism - In Seligman's theory of learned optimism,
attributions of optimistic people are believed to be the opposite of attributions of
depressed people. Since depressed people make internal, stable, and global
attributions to negative events, optimistic people would tend to make external, unstable,
and specific attributions in response to negative events. Therefore, we can readily
eliminate "B" ("I didn't study enough") since that's an internal attribution. Choice "C"
("the teacher is always a tough grader") is a stable attribution. That leaves Choices "A"
("I was unlucky") and Choice "D" ("the test was hard this time") - which are both external
and unstable attributions. Of the two, however, Choice "D" is better since being unlucky
would imply that success is a matter of luck.
Course of Antisocial Personality Disorder - The symptoms of Antisocial Personality
Disorder (APD), particularly criminal behaviors, often become less evident as an
individual grows older (DSM-TR-IV, p. 704). APD has a chronic course and while some
symptoms like criminal behaviors may decrease, other symptoms such as difficulties
with interpersonal relationships may persist. (See: Paris, J. (2004). Personality
disorders over time: Implications for therapy, American Journal of Psychotherapy, 58(4),
420-429.)
,Group polarization - A group's decisions tend to be more extreme (in one direction or the
other) than those that would be made by individuals in the group acting alone. This
phenomenon is referred to as group polarization. One explanation for group polarization
is that group members are more willing to support extreme decisions because, as group
members, they won't have to take as much personal responsibility for their decisions as
they would if they were acting alone.
Solomon's four group design - a true experimental design used to evaluate the effects of
pretesting, since some groups are pretested and others are not.
MANOVA - A MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) is used to analyze the effects
of one or more independent variables on two or more dependent variables that are each
measured on an interval or ratio scale.
factorial ANOVA - A factorial ANOVA (a.) is used to analyze data when a factorial design,
which includes two or more independent variables, is used and the dependent variable
is measured on an interval or ratio scale.
Factorial designs also allow for the assessment of both main effects (the effects of each
independent variable considered individually) and interaction effects (the effects of each
variable at the different levels of the other variable). The study described in this question
has two "significant main effects" for the independent variables: type of reading program
and past level of reading comprehension. And a "significant interaction effect" means
that the effects of the different reading programs varied significantly for students at
different reading levels. For example, "Reading Program A" may have been highly
effective for above average students, moderately effective for average students, yet
ineffective for below average students. On the other hand, "Reading Program B" may
have been only effective for below average students, while "Reading Program C" may
not have been effective for any students.
One-Way ANOVA - A one-way ANOVA (c.) is used when a study has one independent
variable and more than two independent groups.
Split-Plot (mixed) ANOVA - The split-plot (mixed) ANOVA (d.) is the appropriate
technique when at least one independent variable is a between-groups variable and
another independent variable is a within-subjects variable.
experiment wise error rate - alpha (chance of Type I error) for all analyses done on a
data set
capitation - A common method of reimbursement used primarily by health maintenance
organizations in which the provider or medical facility is paid a fixed, per capita amount
for each individual enrolled in the plan, regardless of how many or few services the
patient uses.
time-series quasi-experimental design - -Used when only ONE group is available to
study over a longer period of time
, -Useful for determining trends over time
-Data are collected multiple times before the introduction of the treatment ot establish a
baseline point of reference on outcomes.
-The experimental treatment is introduced and data are collected multiple times
afterward to determine a change from baseline.
-The broad range and number of data-collection points helps rule out alternative
explanations, such as history effects.
-Potential threats to Internal validity: Testing--b/c of multiple data-collection points,
maturation and selection--b/c lack of control group
Transvestic fetishism - heterosexual male has recurrent intense sexually arousing
fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving cross dressing.
Exhibitionism - exposing of one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger
Gender Identity Disorder - strong and persistent cross-gender identification with
evidence of clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other
areas of functioning.
cognitive dissonance - The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when
two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes
and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our
attitudes.
A person is motivated to reduce the negative, aversive state that results when his or her
cognitions conflict with each other. From the perspective of this theory, the poor client
paying a very high fee would experience a state of dissonance. Therefore, this client,
more than those in the other responses, would be motivated to believe that he or she is
benefitting from therapy.
Sleep patterns of persons with/at-risk of depression - Research has found that
depression is most associated with a more rapid onset of REM sleep, decreased
percentage of slow wave sleep, and increased percentage of REM sleep. The research
also suggests that individuals with no prior history of depression but who have rapid
REM onset have an increased risk of developing depression (e.g., D. Giles, D. Kupfer,
A. Rush, & H. Roffwarg, Controlled comparison of electrophysiological sleep in families
of probands with unipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1998, 155(2),
192-199).
blocking - Blocking occurs when a CS is presented simultaneously with a second
stimulus just before the US. Although it would seem that the second stimulus should
acquire the properties of a CS from this procedure, that's not what happens. Instead,
the second stimulus does not produce a conditioned response.
Alderian - For Adlerians, a desire to belong is a primary motivator of behavior, but this
desire may be channeled into the mistaken goals of power, attention, inadequacy, or
revenge., Feelings of inferiority contribute to problems in children and adults
J. Berry acculturation, integration - J. Barry conceptualizes acculturation as many
models existing on a continuum, with the minority culture and the majority or
mainstream culture at opposite poles. Integration would be displayed by an individual
who has high retention of the minority culture and high maintenance of the mainstream
culture.
Lenore Walker cycle of violence, battered women - Lenore Walker describes a cycle of
violence that involves three stags: tension building, acute battering incident, and loving
contrition. According to Walker, most of the benefits of the relationship occur in the third
stage, when the batterer offers apologies, assurances that the attacks will never happen
again, and declarations of love. The relationship tends to remain stable when the
balance between the costs of the abuse and the benefits of the relationship are fairly
similar. As violence escalates, the relationship becomes more unstable, and the man
escalates his charming behavior in an attempt to restore stability.
behavioral contrast effect - If we are reinforced for performing two different operants,
and reinforcement for one of these behaviors stops, we tend to increase the rate of the
remaining reinforced behavior. That is probably because the reinforcement that remains
seems to become more valuable.
doctrine of comparable worth - States that workers (in particular, men and women)
should get equal pay for performing jobs that have equivalent worth (use job evaluation)
M. Seligman theory of learned optimism - In Seligman's theory of learned optimism,
attributions of optimistic people are believed to be the opposite of attributions of
depressed people. Since depressed people make internal, stable, and global
attributions to negative events, optimistic people would tend to make external, unstable,
and specific attributions in response to negative events. Therefore, we can readily
eliminate "B" ("I didn't study enough") since that's an internal attribution. Choice "C"
("the teacher is always a tough grader") is a stable attribution. That leaves Choices "A"
("I was unlucky") and Choice "D" ("the test was hard this time") - which are both external
and unstable attributions. Of the two, however, Choice "D" is better since being unlucky
would imply that success is a matter of luck.
Course of Antisocial Personality Disorder - The symptoms of Antisocial Personality
Disorder (APD), particularly criminal behaviors, often become less evident as an
individual grows older (DSM-TR-IV, p. 704). APD has a chronic course and while some
symptoms like criminal behaviors may decrease, other symptoms such as difficulties
with interpersonal relationships may persist. (See: Paris, J. (2004). Personality
disorders over time: Implications for therapy, American Journal of Psychotherapy, 58(4),
420-429.)
,Group polarization - A group's decisions tend to be more extreme (in one direction or the
other) than those that would be made by individuals in the group acting alone. This
phenomenon is referred to as group polarization. One explanation for group polarization
is that group members are more willing to support extreme decisions because, as group
members, they won't have to take as much personal responsibility for their decisions as
they would if they were acting alone.
Solomon's four group design - a true experimental design used to evaluate the effects of
pretesting, since some groups are pretested and others are not.
MANOVA - A MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) is used to analyze the effects
of one or more independent variables on two or more dependent variables that are each
measured on an interval or ratio scale.
factorial ANOVA - A factorial ANOVA (a.) is used to analyze data when a factorial design,
which includes two or more independent variables, is used and the dependent variable
is measured on an interval or ratio scale.
Factorial designs also allow for the assessment of both main effects (the effects of each
independent variable considered individually) and interaction effects (the effects of each
variable at the different levels of the other variable). The study described in this question
has two "significant main effects" for the independent variables: type of reading program
and past level of reading comprehension. And a "significant interaction effect" means
that the effects of the different reading programs varied significantly for students at
different reading levels. For example, "Reading Program A" may have been highly
effective for above average students, moderately effective for average students, yet
ineffective for below average students. On the other hand, "Reading Program B" may
have been only effective for below average students, while "Reading Program C" may
not have been effective for any students.
One-Way ANOVA - A one-way ANOVA (c.) is used when a study has one independent
variable and more than two independent groups.
Split-Plot (mixed) ANOVA - The split-plot (mixed) ANOVA (d.) is the appropriate
technique when at least one independent variable is a between-groups variable and
another independent variable is a within-subjects variable.
experiment wise error rate - alpha (chance of Type I error) for all analyses done on a
data set
capitation - A common method of reimbursement used primarily by health maintenance
organizations in which the provider or medical facility is paid a fixed, per capita amount
for each individual enrolled in the plan, regardless of how many or few services the
patient uses.
time-series quasi-experimental design - -Used when only ONE group is available to
study over a longer period of time
, -Useful for determining trends over time
-Data are collected multiple times before the introduction of the treatment ot establish a
baseline point of reference on outcomes.
-The experimental treatment is introduced and data are collected multiple times
afterward to determine a change from baseline.
-The broad range and number of data-collection points helps rule out alternative
explanations, such as history effects.
-Potential threats to Internal validity: Testing--b/c of multiple data-collection points,
maturation and selection--b/c lack of control group
Transvestic fetishism - heterosexual male has recurrent intense sexually arousing
fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving cross dressing.
Exhibitionism - exposing of one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger
Gender Identity Disorder - strong and persistent cross-gender identification with
evidence of clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other
areas of functioning.
cognitive dissonance - The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when
two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes
and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our
attitudes.
A person is motivated to reduce the negative, aversive state that results when his or her
cognitions conflict with each other. From the perspective of this theory, the poor client
paying a very high fee would experience a state of dissonance. Therefore, this client,
more than those in the other responses, would be motivated to believe that he or she is
benefitting from therapy.
Sleep patterns of persons with/at-risk of depression - Research has found that
depression is most associated with a more rapid onset of REM sleep, decreased
percentage of slow wave sleep, and increased percentage of REM sleep. The research
also suggests that individuals with no prior history of depression but who have rapid
REM onset have an increased risk of developing depression (e.g., D. Giles, D. Kupfer,
A. Rush, & H. Roffwarg, Controlled comparison of electrophysiological sleep in families
of probands with unipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1998, 155(2),
192-199).
blocking - Blocking occurs when a CS is presented simultaneously with a second
stimulus just before the US. Although it would seem that the second stimulus should
acquire the properties of a CS from this procedure, that's not what happens. Instead,
the second stimulus does not produce a conditioned response.
Alderian - For Adlerians, a desire to belong is a primary motivator of behavior, but this
desire may be channeled into the mistaken goals of power, attention, inadequacy, or
revenge., Feelings of inferiority contribute to problems in children and adults
