Exam 1: NURS611/ NURS 611 (Latest 2023/ 2024) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam | Questions and Verified Answers| Graded A- Maryville

Exam 1: NURS611/ NURS 611 (Latest 2023/ 2024) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam | Questions and Verified Answers| Graded A- Maryville Q: What are the causes of hypokalemia? Answer: 3.5. Hyperaldosteronism and excess fluids. Q: What imbalances does hyperaldosteronism cause? Answer: hypokalemia, hypernatremia, and fluid volume excess. Q: What are the manifestations of hypokalemia? Answer: flattened-T waves, AV block, bradycardia, paralytic ileus. Q: What is hypocalcemia? Answer: 8.5 mg/dl, inadequate intestinal absorption, massive blood administration, decreases in PTH and vitamin D levels, nutritional deficiencies, alkalosis, elevated calcitonin levels, pancreatitis, hypoalbuminemia. Q: What are signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia? Answer: increased neuromuscular excitability, tingling, muscle spasms, intestinal cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds, osteoporosis and fractures, severe cases show convusions and tetany, prolonged QT interval cardiac arrest. Q: What EKG change is seen with hypocalcemia? Answer: prolonged QT interval Q: What EKG change is seen with hypokalemia? Answer: flattened T-waves and AV block. Q: What EKG change is seen with hypercalcemia? Answer: dysrhythmias and bradycardia Q: What causes hypercalcemia? Answer: 10-12 mg/dl. hyperparathyroidism, bone metastases with calcium resorption from breast, prostate, renal, and cervical cancer, sarcoidosis, excess vitamin D, many tumors that produce PTH, and calcium containing antacids. Q: What are the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia? Answer: fatigue, weakness, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, constipation, impaired renal function, kidney stones, dysrhythmias, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, bone pain, osteoporosis, fractures. Q: What is hypophosphatemia? Answer: 2.0 mg/dl. caused by intestinal malabsorption related to vitamin D deficiency, use of magnesium- and albumin containing antacids. Long-term alcohol abuse, and malabsorption syndromes, respiratory alkalosis, increased renal excretion of phosphate associated with hyperparathyroidism. Q: What are the signs and symptoms of hypophosphatemia? Answer: leukocyte and platelet dysfunction, deranged nerve and muscle function, irritability, confusion, numbness, coma, convulsions, possibly respiratory failure, cardiomyopathies, bone resorption (leading to rickets or osteomalacia). Q: What is hyperphosphatemia? Answer: 4.7 mg/dl. acute or chronic renal failure with significant loss of glomerular filtration, treatment of metastatic tumors with chemotherapy that releases large amounts of phosphate into serum, long-term use of laxatives or enemas containing phosphates, hypoparathyroidism. Q: What are the signs and symptoms of hyperphosphatemia? Answer: symptoms primarily related to low serum calcium levels (caused by high phosphate levels) similar to symptoms of hypocalcemia, when prolonged, calcification of soft tissues in lungs, kidneys, and joints. Q: What is hypomagnesemia? Answer: 1.5 mEq/L. malnutrition, malabsorption syndromes, alcoholism, urinary losses (renal tubular dysfunction, loop diuretics). Q: What are the signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia? Answer: behavioral changes, irritability, increased reflexes, muscle cramps, ataxia, nystagmus, tetany, convulsions, tachycardia, hypotension. Q: What is hypermagnesemia? Answer: 3.0 mEq/L. usually renal insufficiency or failure, also excessive intake of magnesium-containing antacids, adrenal insufficiency. Q: What are the signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia? Answer: lethargy, drowsiness, loss of deep tendon reflexes, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory distress, heart block, cardiac arrest. Q: What are cardiac side effects of hypermagnesemia? Answer: bradycardia, heart block, cardiac arrest.