Exam 3: NURS611/ NURS 611 (Latest 2023/ 2024) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Review| Complete Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct- Maryville

Exam 3: NURS611/ NURS 611 (Latest 2023/ 2024) Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Review| Complete Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct- Maryville Q: What is dyspnea Answer: often described as breathless, air hunger, SOB, labored breathing, and preoccupation with breathing Q: When is dyspnea seen Answer: common symptom of respiratory disease. Q: Dyspnea is a result of___: Answer: decrease pH, increase PaCO2, and decreased PaO2, stimulation of stretcher or J-receptor, and fatigue of teh intercostal muscle and diaphragm Q: What is promixmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) Answer: its a dyspnea that occurs when an pt lies flat and is common with heart failure. Q: What causes PND Answer: from redistributes body water - fluid accumulates in the lung. Q: How is PND relieved Answer: repositioning such as sitting up or standing to relieve the pressure put on the respiratory muscles by the abdominal contents Q: How is oxygen transported in the blood Answer: in 2 forms - small amt dissolves in plasma and bound to HgB molecules Q: How is respiration stimulated Answer: from impulses from the brainstem to the resp muscles causing them to contract and relax. Q: How is the basic automatic rhythm of respiration set Answer: by the DRG - a cluster of insp nerve cells located in the medulla that sends efferent impulses to the diaphragm and insp intercostals muscles Q: What does the beta 2 adrenergic receptors stimulation Answer: bronchodilation - which decreases resistances to airflow and vasodilation of the bronchial smooth muscles Q: What substances can cause bronchoconstriction? Answer: occurs if the irritant receptors in the airway epithelium are stimulated by irritants in inspired air; by endogenous substances (histamines, serotonin, prostaglandins), by many drugs and humoral substances Q: What causes pulmonary artery constriction Answer: Low alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (PAO2) Q: What are the risk factors for pulmonary emboli? Answer: many conditions and disorders that promote blood cloting Q: What are the 3 categories that make the Virchow triad Answer: venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and injuries to the endothelial cells that line the vessels. Q: What consequences of a PE Answer: impairs blood flow to a segment of the lung Q: Define alveolar dead space Answer: the area where alveoli are ventilated but not perfused Q: Lung changes that occur with aging Answer: loss of elastic recoil, stiffening of the chest wall, alterations in gas exchange, and increase if flow resistance Q: What anemia is classified as a macrocytic-normochromic anemia Answer: Pernicious anemia has large abnormally shaped erythrocytes but normal HgB concentrations - due to lack of vitamin B-12 Q: What causes the paresthesia that occurs in vitamin B12 deficiency anemia? Answer: Lower levels of HgB are reached - s/sx include weakness, fatigue, parasthesia of the feet and fingers, difficulty in walking, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and wt loss. Q: Deficiencies in folate and B12 alter the synthesis of which cell component? Answer: DNA synthesis