SPCE 630 Final Exam 2023 All Possible Questions and
Answers Complete
strongest threats to internal validity for withdrawal/reversal designs include all of
the following except
history
the primary ethical concern associated with withdrawal designs is
removing a successful intervention
external validity of an ABAB design can be improved by
having at least 3 participants
unlike withdrawal designs, reversal designs involve
a second intervention phase
which is the most powerful within-subject design?
ABAB
in withdrawal designs, when is procedural infidelity most likely to occur?
immediately after condition changes
when using "ABC Notation," the B stands for
intervention 1
which of the following is NOT a limitation of an AB design (intervention is not
withdrawn, lack of control for internal validity, lack of control for external validity,
cannot determine functional relationships)
intervention is not withdrawn
what can researchers do to help avoid attrition in withdrawal designs?
disclose and describe the withdrawal condition during the consent process
the withdrawal design is not particularly sensitive to which threats to internal
validity?
a) history, maturation, data instability
b) procedural infidelity, attrition, maturation
c) carryover effects, hawthorne effect, irreversibility of behaviors
d) testing, procedural infidelity, data instability
d
history
refers to events that occur during an experiment, but are not related to planned
procedural changes that may influence the outcome
maturation
changes in behavior due to passage of time
testing
threat in any study that requires participants to respond to the same test repeatedly
facilitative effect
an improvement in performance over successive baseline or probe testing or
observation sessions
inhibitive effect
a deterioration in performance over successive baseline or probe testing or observation
sessions
multiple-treatment interference
, occurs when a study participant's behavior is influenced by more than one planned
"treatments" or interventions during the course of a study
sequential confounding
when the order in which experimental conditions are introduced to participants
influences their behavior
carryover effect
the effect when a procedure used in one experimental condition influences behavior in
an adjacent condition
instability
the amount of variability in the data over time
cyclical veriability
a specific type of data instability that refers to a repeated and predictable pattern in the
data series over time
variability
also referred to as data instability
regression to the mean
refers to the likelihood that following an outlying data point, data are likely to revert back
to levels closer to the average value
instrumentation threats
refers to the concerns of the measurement system
procedural infidelity
refers to the lack of adherence to condition protocols by study implementers
selection bias
involves choosing participants in a way that differentially impacts the inclusion or
retention of participants in a study, when compared to the population of interest
attrition
refers to the loss of participants during the course of a study
attrition bias
refers to the likelihood that participant loss impacts the outcome of the study
sampling bias
occurs in SCD studies when researchers use additional, non-explicated reasons for
including or excluding potential participants
adaptation
refers to a period of time at the start of an investigation in which participants' recorded
behavior may differ from their natural behavior due to the novel conditions under which
data are collected
hawthorne effect
refers to participants' observed behavior not being representative of their natural
behavior as a result of their knowledge that they are participants in an experiment
threats to internal validity include
testing, maturation, procedural infidelity
the hypothesis that assumes that sample observations are influenced by some
non-random cause is
the alternative hypothesis
Dr. Jones wanted to know if the use of the Good Behavior Game decreased rates
of disruptive behaviors in an elementary school. Dr. Jones collected data
Answers Complete
strongest threats to internal validity for withdrawal/reversal designs include all of
the following except
history
the primary ethical concern associated with withdrawal designs is
removing a successful intervention
external validity of an ABAB design can be improved by
having at least 3 participants
unlike withdrawal designs, reversal designs involve
a second intervention phase
which is the most powerful within-subject design?
ABAB
in withdrawal designs, when is procedural infidelity most likely to occur?
immediately after condition changes
when using "ABC Notation," the B stands for
intervention 1
which of the following is NOT a limitation of an AB design (intervention is not
withdrawn, lack of control for internal validity, lack of control for external validity,
cannot determine functional relationships)
intervention is not withdrawn
what can researchers do to help avoid attrition in withdrawal designs?
disclose and describe the withdrawal condition during the consent process
the withdrawal design is not particularly sensitive to which threats to internal
validity?
a) history, maturation, data instability
b) procedural infidelity, attrition, maturation
c) carryover effects, hawthorne effect, irreversibility of behaviors
d) testing, procedural infidelity, data instability
d
history
refers to events that occur during an experiment, but are not related to planned
procedural changes that may influence the outcome
maturation
changes in behavior due to passage of time
testing
threat in any study that requires participants to respond to the same test repeatedly
facilitative effect
an improvement in performance over successive baseline or probe testing or
observation sessions
inhibitive effect
a deterioration in performance over successive baseline or probe testing or observation
sessions
multiple-treatment interference
, occurs when a study participant's behavior is influenced by more than one planned
"treatments" or interventions during the course of a study
sequential confounding
when the order in which experimental conditions are introduced to participants
influences their behavior
carryover effect
the effect when a procedure used in one experimental condition influences behavior in
an adjacent condition
instability
the amount of variability in the data over time
cyclical veriability
a specific type of data instability that refers to a repeated and predictable pattern in the
data series over time
variability
also referred to as data instability
regression to the mean
refers to the likelihood that following an outlying data point, data are likely to revert back
to levels closer to the average value
instrumentation threats
refers to the concerns of the measurement system
procedural infidelity
refers to the lack of adherence to condition protocols by study implementers
selection bias
involves choosing participants in a way that differentially impacts the inclusion or
retention of participants in a study, when compared to the population of interest
attrition
refers to the loss of participants during the course of a study
attrition bias
refers to the likelihood that participant loss impacts the outcome of the study
sampling bias
occurs in SCD studies when researchers use additional, non-explicated reasons for
including or excluding potential participants
adaptation
refers to a period of time at the start of an investigation in which participants' recorded
behavior may differ from their natural behavior due to the novel conditions under which
data are collected
hawthorne effect
refers to participants' observed behavior not being representative of their natural
behavior as a result of their knowledge that they are participants in an experiment
threats to internal validity include
testing, maturation, procedural infidelity
the hypothesis that assumes that sample observations are influenced by some
non-random cause is
the alternative hypothesis
Dr. Jones wanted to know if the use of the Good Behavior Game decreased rates
of disruptive behaviors in an elementary school. Dr. Jones collected data
