SPCE 630 Final Exam 2023 Solved Correctly
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the
independent variable.
internal validity
the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of
the independent variable
experimental control
Two meanings: (a) the outcome of an experiment that demonstrates convincingly a
functional relations, meaning that experimental control is achieved when a predictable
change in behavior (the dependent variable can be reliably produced by manipulating a
specific aspect of the environment (the independent variable); and (b) the extent to
which a researcher maintains precise control of the independent variable by presenting
it, with drawing it, and/or varying its value, and also by eliminating or holding constant all
confounding and extraneous variables.
Functional Relation
The change in the DV (behavior) is causally (functionally) related to the implementation
of the IV
evidence-based practice
intervention procedures that have been scientifically verified as being effective for
changing a specific behavior of interest, under given conditions, and for particular
participants
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of
scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
threats to internal validity
variables other than the planned independent variable that could result in changes in
the dependent variable: history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, procedural
infidelity, selection bias, multiple-treatment interference, data instability, cyclical
variability, regression to the mean, adaptation, & Hawthorne Effect
Nomothetic
Concepts or rules that can be applied universally.
Idiographic
An approach to studying personality that focuses on individual case studies.
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Baseline Logic
a term sometimes used to refer to the experimental reasoning inherent in single subject
experimental designs; entails three elements: prediction, verification, and replication.
History
, events that occur while a study is being conducted and that are not a part of the
experimental manipulation or treatment
Maturation
changes in behavior due to the passage of time
Testing
a threat in any study that requires participants to respond to the same test repeatedly,
especially during a baseline or probe condition; it is the likelihood that the repeated
assessment task will result in participant behavior change
Instrumentation
a threat to internal validity when there are inconsistencies in data collection
Procedural Infidelity
the lack of adherence to condition protocols by study implementers
attrition
the loss of participants during a study
Attrition bias
the likelihood that participant loss (attrition) impacts the outcome of the study
sampling bias
exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn
multiple treatment interference
can occur when a study participant's behavior is influenced by more than one planned
"treatments" or interventions during the course of a study
instability
refers to the amount of variability in the data
Cyclical Variability
A specific type of data instability that refers to a repeated and predictable pattern in the
data series over time.
regression to the mean
refers to the likelihood that following an outlying data point, data are likely to revert back
to levels closer to the average value
Adaptation
refers to a period of time at the start of an investigation in which participants' recorded
behavior may differ from their natural behavior due to the novel conditions under which
data are collected
Hawthorne effect
A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied
instructional review board
a committee responsible for reviewing proposed research studies
respect for persons
an ethical principle from the Belmont Report stating that research participants should be
treated as autonomous agents and that certain groups deserve special protections
Beneficence
do no harm
Justice
fairness
Undue Influence
convincing participants to enroll in a study when they would not otherwise
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the
independent variable.
internal validity
the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of
the independent variable
experimental control
Two meanings: (a) the outcome of an experiment that demonstrates convincingly a
functional relations, meaning that experimental control is achieved when a predictable
change in behavior (the dependent variable can be reliably produced by manipulating a
specific aspect of the environment (the independent variable); and (b) the extent to
which a researcher maintains precise control of the independent variable by presenting
it, with drawing it, and/or varying its value, and also by eliminating or holding constant all
confounding and extraneous variables.
Functional Relation
The change in the DV (behavior) is causally (functionally) related to the implementation
of the IV
evidence-based practice
intervention procedures that have been scientifically verified as being effective for
changing a specific behavior of interest, under given conditions, and for particular
participants
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of
scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
threats to internal validity
variables other than the planned independent variable that could result in changes in
the dependent variable: history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, procedural
infidelity, selection bias, multiple-treatment interference, data instability, cyclical
variability, regression to the mean, adaptation, & Hawthorne Effect
Nomothetic
Concepts or rules that can be applied universally.
Idiographic
An approach to studying personality that focuses on individual case studies.
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Baseline Logic
a term sometimes used to refer to the experimental reasoning inherent in single subject
experimental designs; entails three elements: prediction, verification, and replication.
History
, events that occur while a study is being conducted and that are not a part of the
experimental manipulation or treatment
Maturation
changes in behavior due to the passage of time
Testing
a threat in any study that requires participants to respond to the same test repeatedly,
especially during a baseline or probe condition; it is the likelihood that the repeated
assessment task will result in participant behavior change
Instrumentation
a threat to internal validity when there are inconsistencies in data collection
Procedural Infidelity
the lack of adherence to condition protocols by study implementers
attrition
the loss of participants during a study
Attrition bias
the likelihood that participant loss (attrition) impacts the outcome of the study
sampling bias
exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn
multiple treatment interference
can occur when a study participant's behavior is influenced by more than one planned
"treatments" or interventions during the course of a study
instability
refers to the amount of variability in the data
Cyclical Variability
A specific type of data instability that refers to a repeated and predictable pattern in the
data series over time.
regression to the mean
refers to the likelihood that following an outlying data point, data are likely to revert back
to levels closer to the average value
Adaptation
refers to a period of time at the start of an investigation in which participants' recorded
behavior may differ from their natural behavior due to the novel conditions under which
data are collected
Hawthorne effect
A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied
instructional review board
a committee responsible for reviewing proposed research studies
respect for persons
an ethical principle from the Belmont Report stating that research participants should be
treated as autonomous agents and that certain groups deserve special protections
Beneficence
do no harm
Justice
fairness
Undue Influence
convincing participants to enroll in a study when they would not otherwise
