REVIEWER IN ETHICS - Nevertheless, an ethical individual must be
able - at least occasionally - to place the needs of
WHAT IS ETHICS? AND WHERE IT IS DERIVED others ahead of self-interest, because of our duty
- Moral philosophy to civil society
- Empirical study of moral decisions
IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS
- A discipline concerned with what is morally good
- Through ethics people can determine the
and evil, right and wrong
difference between right from wrong, good and
- Refers to any scheme or philosophy of universal
bad
ideas or beliefs
- People can eliminate actions that do not conform
- A systematic analysis of the nature of human
to what is right
actions
- People will be very careful to the actions and
- Concerned about the correctness and wrongness
decisions to make
of the act
- People will not be disturbed of the internal and
- Greek word “ ETHOS” which may mean
external factors of not doing the right thing
tradition, habit, character or attitude
- Establish good habits of characters of a person
- Come up to rational decisions in facing an ethical
Two Division of Ethics
dilemma
1. Normative Ethics
- It makes a person responsible in the family,
- concerns human behavior in general, is to
school, and society
address our questions about the essence of
- A person becomes sensitive to the needs of others
human behavior.
more than himself or herself
Two fields of Normative Ethics
- Reminds a person to fully need conscience in
a. Moral Philosophy
decision making
- deals with moral ideas such as what human
- A person can acknowledge the actions made
beings “must do or how human beings should
be.” This also deals with our moral obligation,
DEFINITION & EXAMPLE OF MORAL AND NON
the meaning of the act, or the purpose of the act.
MORAL STANDARDS
b. Applied Ethics (Practical Ethics)
- A philosophy that discusses strong and basic
Moral Standards
moral issues linked to abortion.
- Refers to the guidelines we have on the types of
2. Meta-ethics
acts that we find to be morally permissible and
- A discipline that relies on meaning. It is a
morally unacceptable
science that is seeking to address non-moral
- Primarily deals with issues that can either
questions about morality.
potentially threaten or greatly benefit human
- Refer to questions about the nature of moral
beings
statements.
- Promote the common good, that is the welfare
- the purpose and significance of moral facts,
and well-being of human beings, animals, and the
and concerns about the interpretation and
environment
justification of moral statements
- Blending of norms and values
7 Characteristics of Moral Standards (Velasquez, 2012)
1. Entails serious harm or benefit
- Theft, murder of innocent people (harmful)
- Respect others, a feeding program (beneficial)
2. Not determined by authority figures
- Cheating on examination
3. Should be adopted over other values,
including self-interest
- Should always be retained even if they are at
stake with self-interest
4. Focused on objective considerations
- Basis of consideration and decision must not be
favorable only to particular person or group
- It must be unbiased or impartial consideration
5. Perceived to be universal
- Moral standards are believed to be universal as it
is applicable anywhere and anytime
S - Telling the truth is universal standard
, a. Etiquette - a decorum, property means 3. Lack of clarity vs Lack of creativity
reverence for the formal criteria governing 4. Excessive Autonomy vs Excessive
conduct in a civilized society. Interdependence
b. Statute - a written law passed by a legislative
body.
c. The professional code of ethics - a set of
guidelines intended to help practitioners
differentiate between right and wrong to guide
their decision-making KANT’S PHILOSOPHY ON FREEDOM
Immanuel Kant
– “Regarded as the greatest philosopher of the
modern period.”
Freedom
- The right to control one’s actions based on
reason, not desire. All of this can be simplified to
the definition of autonomy.
‣ Autonomy
- derives from the Greek term - (Self-legislator)
‣ Principle - is not to live by the animalistic rules
forced on them from birth, but rather to live by
the laws that you enforce on yourself
MORAL DILEMMA ‣ Freedom - (independence from being limited
‣a situation in which a decision-maker must give by the option of another) to the degree that it can
preference to one moral principle over another ‣ coexist with the freedom of each other following
occur when, confronted with a challenging universal law.
situation Emphasis on Kant’s Philosophy of Freedom
‣ Self-inflicted dilemma is a moral dilemma that 1. Individuals have the right to choose one’s
may arise as a result of a prior personal mistake conduct based on reason, not desire.
2. Individuals have to abide by the rules that they
Kurie & Albin (2007) follow.
‣ A Moral Dilemma is a situation in which people 3. Individuals are independent from being limited
assume that they should morally do one thing and by the options of others to the extent that they
that they should morally do another thing may coexist with each other’s freedom under
Figar & Dordevic (2016) universal rule.
‣ A Moral Dilemma is a situation whereby a 4. Equality is the most among the various
person has to make a decision. Among competing freedoms and freedom is the only inherent power
alternatives, which is the right (ethical) The three concepts of freedom
alternative and which is the best a. The freedom of a human being as a member of
a state,
LEVELS OF DILEMMAS b. The dignity of each person as a subject,
c. the freedom of any member of the
1. Organization Ethical or Moral Dilemma commonwealth as a resident.
- refers to a situation that causes an organization 5. Individuals have an autonomous right to be
to respond negatively or positively to an ethical happy in their own way, and the intervention of
issue. another’s freedom means forcing others to be
It effects: happy.
a. Staff, shareholders, and society
b. Corporate ethics and customers
c. Leaders ethical actions is preserving financial
reporting integrity
2. Individual Moral Dilemma
- it pertains to situation where individuals
confront with a number of factors such as peer
pressure, personal financial position ,an
economic and social status which may influence
all individual ethical standards.
- Due to peer pressure, an individual engages in a KANT’S PHILOSOPHY ON MORALITY
certain scenario in which may change their • Kant based his ethical philosophy on the idea
able - at least occasionally - to place the needs of
WHAT IS ETHICS? AND WHERE IT IS DERIVED others ahead of self-interest, because of our duty
- Moral philosophy to civil society
- Empirical study of moral decisions
IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS
- A discipline concerned with what is morally good
- Through ethics people can determine the
and evil, right and wrong
difference between right from wrong, good and
- Refers to any scheme or philosophy of universal
bad
ideas or beliefs
- People can eliminate actions that do not conform
- A systematic analysis of the nature of human
to what is right
actions
- People will be very careful to the actions and
- Concerned about the correctness and wrongness
decisions to make
of the act
- People will not be disturbed of the internal and
- Greek word “ ETHOS” which may mean
external factors of not doing the right thing
tradition, habit, character or attitude
- Establish good habits of characters of a person
- Come up to rational decisions in facing an ethical
Two Division of Ethics
dilemma
1. Normative Ethics
- It makes a person responsible in the family,
- concerns human behavior in general, is to
school, and society
address our questions about the essence of
- A person becomes sensitive to the needs of others
human behavior.
more than himself or herself
Two fields of Normative Ethics
- Reminds a person to fully need conscience in
a. Moral Philosophy
decision making
- deals with moral ideas such as what human
- A person can acknowledge the actions made
beings “must do or how human beings should
be.” This also deals with our moral obligation,
DEFINITION & EXAMPLE OF MORAL AND NON
the meaning of the act, or the purpose of the act.
MORAL STANDARDS
b. Applied Ethics (Practical Ethics)
- A philosophy that discusses strong and basic
Moral Standards
moral issues linked to abortion.
- Refers to the guidelines we have on the types of
2. Meta-ethics
acts that we find to be morally permissible and
- A discipline that relies on meaning. It is a
morally unacceptable
science that is seeking to address non-moral
- Primarily deals with issues that can either
questions about morality.
potentially threaten or greatly benefit human
- Refer to questions about the nature of moral
beings
statements.
- Promote the common good, that is the welfare
- the purpose and significance of moral facts,
and well-being of human beings, animals, and the
and concerns about the interpretation and
environment
justification of moral statements
- Blending of norms and values
7 Characteristics of Moral Standards (Velasquez, 2012)
1. Entails serious harm or benefit
- Theft, murder of innocent people (harmful)
- Respect others, a feeding program (beneficial)
2. Not determined by authority figures
- Cheating on examination
3. Should be adopted over other values,
including self-interest
- Should always be retained even if they are at
stake with self-interest
4. Focused on objective considerations
- Basis of consideration and decision must not be
favorable only to particular person or group
- It must be unbiased or impartial consideration
5. Perceived to be universal
- Moral standards are believed to be universal as it
is applicable anywhere and anytime
S - Telling the truth is universal standard
, a. Etiquette - a decorum, property means 3. Lack of clarity vs Lack of creativity
reverence for the formal criteria governing 4. Excessive Autonomy vs Excessive
conduct in a civilized society. Interdependence
b. Statute - a written law passed by a legislative
body.
c. The professional code of ethics - a set of
guidelines intended to help practitioners
differentiate between right and wrong to guide
their decision-making KANT’S PHILOSOPHY ON FREEDOM
Immanuel Kant
– “Regarded as the greatest philosopher of the
modern period.”
Freedom
- The right to control one’s actions based on
reason, not desire. All of this can be simplified to
the definition of autonomy.
‣ Autonomy
- derives from the Greek term - (Self-legislator)
‣ Principle - is not to live by the animalistic rules
forced on them from birth, but rather to live by
the laws that you enforce on yourself
MORAL DILEMMA ‣ Freedom - (independence from being limited
‣a situation in which a decision-maker must give by the option of another) to the degree that it can
preference to one moral principle over another ‣ coexist with the freedom of each other following
occur when, confronted with a challenging universal law.
situation Emphasis on Kant’s Philosophy of Freedom
‣ Self-inflicted dilemma is a moral dilemma that 1. Individuals have the right to choose one’s
may arise as a result of a prior personal mistake conduct based on reason, not desire.
2. Individuals have to abide by the rules that they
Kurie & Albin (2007) follow.
‣ A Moral Dilemma is a situation in which people 3. Individuals are independent from being limited
assume that they should morally do one thing and by the options of others to the extent that they
that they should morally do another thing may coexist with each other’s freedom under
Figar & Dordevic (2016) universal rule.
‣ A Moral Dilemma is a situation whereby a 4. Equality is the most among the various
person has to make a decision. Among competing freedoms and freedom is the only inherent power
alternatives, which is the right (ethical) The three concepts of freedom
alternative and which is the best a. The freedom of a human being as a member of
a state,
LEVELS OF DILEMMAS b. The dignity of each person as a subject,
c. the freedom of any member of the
1. Organization Ethical or Moral Dilemma commonwealth as a resident.
- refers to a situation that causes an organization 5. Individuals have an autonomous right to be
to respond negatively or positively to an ethical happy in their own way, and the intervention of
issue. another’s freedom means forcing others to be
It effects: happy.
a. Staff, shareholders, and society
b. Corporate ethics and customers
c. Leaders ethical actions is preserving financial
reporting integrity
2. Individual Moral Dilemma
- it pertains to situation where individuals
confront with a number of factors such as peer
pressure, personal financial position ,an
economic and social status which may influence
all individual ethical standards.
- Due to peer pressure, an individual engages in a KANT’S PHILOSOPHY ON MORALITY
certain scenario in which may change their • Kant based his ethical philosophy on the idea
