Test Bank For Comparative Criminal Justice Systems 5th Edition by Harry R. Dammer

CHAPTER 11 – TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME Multiple Choice 1. La Cosa Nostra refers to groups of organized crime within which ethnicity? A. Italian B. French C. Japanese D. Spanish ANS: A REF: 261 OBJ: 1 2. Which of the following is an example of the provision of illicit goods and services? A. Fraud B. Extortion C. Illicit arms trafficking D. Corruption using intimidation ANS: C REF: 262 OBJ: 2 3. The infiltration of business or government is not characterized by the following? A. Business and consumer fraud B. Extortion C. Corruption D. Stolen property ANS: D REF: 262 OBJ: 2 4. What enforces contracts within organized crime circles? A. Written documents B. Verbal agreements C. Threats of violence D. Threats of incarceration ANS: C REF: 263 OBJ: 2 5. Triads and Tongs are examples of organized crime groups within which ethnicity? A. Japanese B. Chinese C. Vietnamese D. Russian ANS: B REF: 263 OBJ: 2 6. What does “Yakuza” refer to within Japanese popular culture? A. An expensive pair of shoes B. The bad kids out in a school yard C. The best possible hand in a popular Japanese card game D. The worst possible hand in a popular Japanese card game ANS: D REF: 264 OBJ: 3 7. Which of the following is not one of the structures and organizations that the United Nations survey found? A. Rigid hierarchy B. Core criminal group C. Loose criminal association D. Hierarchical conglomerate ANS: C REF: 264 OBJ: 3 8. Which of the following is the most significant reason that organized crime has become an international problem? A. Globalization of the world economy B. Corruption has spread C. Glorification of organized crime groups in the international media through popular culture D. Lax legislation on organized crime ANS: A REF: 265 OBJ: 3 9. Which of the following countries has been identified by the Child Soldiers Prevention Act as using child soldiers? A. China B. Libya C. Chile D. South Africa ANS: B REF: 267 OBJ: 3 10. Which of the following countries has not been identified by the Trafficking in Persons Act as a Tier 3 country? A. Congo B. Israel C. Yemen D. Saudi Arabia ANS: B REF: 267 OBJ: 3 11. Which of the following is the most common example of cybercrime? A. Fraud B. Extortion C. Stolen intellectual property D. Threats ANS: A REF: 268 OBJ: 3 12. Which of the following reports the lowest levels of Fraud? A. Mexico B. United States C. Japan D. United Kingdom ANS: C REF: 269 OBJ: 3 13. Which of the following has the highest corruption? A. Australia B. New Zealand C. Finland D. Venezuela ANS: D REF: 275 OBJ: 5 14. What is the best example of international cooperation against organized crime, which is the first international instrument of its kind? A. Combined Forces Special Enforcement B. The Serious Organized Crime Agency C. Internet Fraud Complaint Center D. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime ANS: D REF: 277 OBJ: 6 15. An underground paperless banking system in which money is deposited in one country with a trusted broker and withdrawn the same day from a broker in another country is called: A. Hawala B. Fraud C. Bank of America D. Western Union ANS: A REF: 277 OBJ: 6 Sentence Completion 1. ______________________ is a continuing criminal enterprise that rationally works to profit from illicit actives that are often in great public demand. ANS: Organized Crime REF: 262 OBJ: 1 2. There has been an evolution from traditional prostitution to ___________________, in which victims are moved using fraud or coercion to make them forced laborers or sexual slaves. ANS: trafficking in human beings REF: 262 OBJ: 1 3. ________________ syndicates provide goods and services. ANS: Enterprise REF: 263 OBJ: 2 4. __________________ syndicates are involved in social control and efforts to rule through intimidation and fear of sanctions. ANS: Power REF: 263 OBJ: 2 5. The use of ethnicity to explain organized crime is called the __________________. ANS: ethnicity trap REF: 263 OBJ: 1 6. The Mafia and Yakuza groups are good examples of organized crime of the ____________ type, which means they have ongoing hierarchical structures. ANS: pre-existing type REF: 264 OBJ: 3 7. The misuse of computer and the internet to carry out criminal activity is called ___________________. ANS: cybercrime REF: 268 OBJ: 3 8. _________________ and ________________ often occurred transnationally using email contacts with prospective victims. ANS: Identity theft, advance fee fraud REF: 268 OBJ: 3 9. ______________ is defined as abuse of a position of power for illegitimate private gain. ANS: Corruption REF: 274 OBJ: 5 10. The______________________ produced by Transparency International examines the perceptions of businesspersons and analysts both inside and outside of 180 countries worldwide. ANS: Corruption Perceptions Index REF: 274 OBJ: 5 11. The _________________ in Colombia was one of the largest cocaine- trafficking organizations in history. ANS: Cali carter REF: 277 OBJ: 6 12. _________________________________________ entered into force in 2005 and, as of this writing, 160 nations have ratified it, representing more than three-fourths of the world’s nations. The Corruption Convention has provisions that focus on prevention, criminalization, international cooperation, and asset recovery. ANS: The United Nations Convention against Corruption REF: 275 OBJ: 5 13. ___________________________________________________ has been ratified by 168 countries, more than three-fourths of the world’s nations, requiring them to adopt a series of measures that include criminalizing participation in a criminal group, money-laundering laws, extradition laws, mutual legal assistance, specific victim protection measures, and law enforcement provisions. ANS: The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime REF: 277 OBJ: 6 14. It has been observed that the rise of ________________________ is an unfortunate by- product of globalization, through which technological advances and lower barriers to trade have created seamless electronic environment and empowered new classes of actors which bypass nation-states. ANS: transnational organized crime REF: 265 OBJ: 5 15. __________________ occurs when individuals searching for companionship or romance online were targeted as victims of cybercrime. ANS: Romance scams REF: 269 OBJ: 3 True/ False 1. There has been an evolution from fencing stolen televisions to stealing intellectual property. ANS: T REF: 262 OBJ: 1 2. Trafficking in persons is an example of Infiltration of legitimate businesses. ANS: F REF: 262 OBJ: 1 3. Power indicates are more common today, because organized criminals find that the big profits are in providing illicit commodities. ANS: F REF: 263 OBJ: 2 4. A United Nations survey found 40 different organized criminal groups in 16 countries, but only one-third were ethnically based. ANS: T REF: 263 OBJ: 2 5. Yakuza gangs in Japan engage primarily in extortion. ANS: T REF: 264 OBJ: 3 6. A hierarchical conglomerate is a horizontal structure of core individuals who describe themselves as working for the same organization. ANS: F REF: 264 OBJ: 3 7. A devolved hierarchy has a single boss with strong internal discipline within several divisions. ANS: F REF: 264 OBJ: 3 8. One of the main reasons organized crime has evolved from a local problem to an international issue is because of globalization. ANS: T REF: 265 OBJ: 3 9. Human trafficking usually occurs as a three-step process in which victims are recruited, transported, and then exploited. ANS: T REF: 266 OBJ: 3 10. Child soldiering involves the unlawful recruitment or use of children as combatants or other forms of labor. ANS: T REF: 267 OBJ: 3 11. There is currently no legislation in Europe that is focused on stopping human trafficking. ANS: F REF: 267 OBJ: 4 12. The objective of most cybercrimes is illicit financial gain. ANS: T REF: 268 OBJ: 3 13. FBI related scams are one of the top five crimes reported to the Internet Fraud Complaint Center. ANS: T REF: 269 OBJ: 3 14. Romance scams result in an annual reported loss of more than $50 million. ANS: T REF: 269 OBJ: 3 15. Corruption and organized crime are inextricably linked. They rely on each other to maintain their power, influence, and profitability. ANS: T REF: 273 OBJ: 5 Short Answers 1. Discuss what distinguishes organized crime from most other forms of criminal behavior. ANS: - Organized crime is a continuing criminal enterprise that rationally works to profit from illicit activities that are often in great public demand. - It emanates from a continuing enterprise; its crimes are rationally planned; it requires force, threats, monopoly control, or corruption to insulate itself from prosecution; and often caters to public demand for illicit goods and services - There are fewer consensuses that organized crime has exclusive membership, has ideological objectives, is specialized in criminal activity, or operates under a code of secrecy. REF: 262 OBJ: 1 2. Discuss the two main activity groups of organized crime, discuss the traditional nature of the activities, give a contemporary example of each, and discuss the harm associated with the activity. ANS: Type: Provision of illicit goods and services Nature of activity- gambling, lending money, sex, narcotics, stolen property Contemporary example- Theft of intellectual property Harms: These are consensual activities, with no inherent violence in the activity itself, but it causes economic harm to the larger society Type: Infiltration of legitimate business or government Nature of activity- coercive use of legal businesses or government agencies for the purposes of exploitation Contemporary example- Business and consumer fraud Harms- These activities are usually nonconsensual activities that are enforced through threats, extortion, and violence and overall cause economic harm. REF: 262 OBJ: 2 3. Describe the three tiers that the U.S. State Department uses to evaluate the world human trafficking situation. Also indicate what types of sanctions Tier 3 countries may receive and give an example of a Tier 3 country. ANS: Tier 1- Indicates that a government has acknowledged the existence of human trafficking, has made efforts to address the problem, and meets the TVPA’s minimum standards Tier 2- Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards Tier 3- Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so - Countries in tier 3 can suffer sanctions that include the withholding of non-humanitarian foreign assistance. Example: Cuba REF: 267 OBJ: 4 4. What are the top five crimes reported to the Internet Fraud Complaint Center? ANS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. REF: 269 Essays FBI-related scams- scams in which a criminal poses as the FBI to defraud victims Identity theft- unauthorized use of a victims personal identifying information to commit fraud or other crimes Advance fee fraud- criminals convince victims to pay a fee to receive something of value but do not deliver anything of value to them Non-auction/ non-delivery of merchandise- purchaser does not receive items purchased Overpayment fraud- an incident in which the complainant receives an invalid monetary instrument with instructions to deposit it in a bank account and send excess funds or a percentage of the deposited money back to the sender OBJ: 6 ANS: - Corruption and organized crime are linked. They rely on each other to maintain their power, influence, and profitability. Corruption is defined as abuse of a position of power for illegitimate private gain. It is defined under law in various ways, including conflict of interest, embezzlement, bribery, political corruption, nepotism, or extortion - Many factors contribute to corruption. They include a weak government that is poorly managed and cannot enforce its own rules, weak accountability in government agencies, low pay of civil servants, corruption in the criminal justice system, and the influence of organized crime. corruption and also discuss some factors that may contribute to corruption. Also, 1. Define discuss the four initiatives the United Nations has implemented in order to reduce corruption. - - Four Initiatives - Providing technical assistance to member states in strengthening their legal and institutional anticorruption framework - Supporting and servicing international groups of Chief Justices on strengthening judicial integrity - Developing and disseminating anticorruption policies and tools - Enhancing interagency anticorruption coordination REF: 274 OBJ: 4, 5 2. Define power and enterprise syndicates. Be sure to acknowledge which type is more popular. Also, discuss the gradual distinctions between the structure and organization of organized criminal groups that is cited by the United Nations survey in the text. ANS: - Enterprise Syndicates provide goods and services, while power syndicates seek control and wealth through extortion or “protection” and other types of crime that provide no real services. Enterprise syndicates have parallels to corporations, with specialist employees and capital investment. Power syndicates are fewer because todays criminals find that the real profit to be made is in the provision of illicit services. 1. Rigid hierarchy- single boss with strong internal discipline within several distinctions 2. Developed hierarchy- regional structures, each with its own hierarchy and degree of autonomy 3. Hierarchical conglomerate- a loose or umbrella association of otherwise separate organized crime groups 4. Core criminal group- a horizontal structure of core individuals who describe themselves as working for the same organization 5. Organized criminal network- individuals engage in criminal activity in shifting alliances; rather than being affiliated with a particular criminal group, they associate with carious groups according to skills they possess to carry out the illicit activity REF: 264 OBJ: 2 3. Define human trafficking and discuss in detail the three methods of controlling human trafficking victims. ANS: - Trafficking in human beings involves victims being moved using fraud or coercion to make them forced laborers or sexual slaves. It usually occurs as a three- step process in which victims are recruited, transported, and then exploited. Three methods of controlling human trafficking victims REF: 266 1. Restriction of movement a. Confiscating passports, visas, and identification documents b. Constantly accompanying the victim, insisting on answering on behalf of the victim, or translating all conversations c. Isolating the victim by not disclosing his or her location or address d. Requiring the victim to live and work in the same location 2. Harmful living conditions a. Restricting access to food and appropriate clothing b. Forbidding access to appropriate medical care c. Not allowing time off or sufficient time to sleep 3. Harmful working conditions a. In exchange for work opportunity, charging a large fee hat is difficult or impossible to pay off b. Requiring unusually long work hours with few or no breaks c. Restricting the number of days off d. Providing little to no pay or irregular pay OBJ: 3