JCAHPO COA EXAM STUDY GUIDE SOLUTION
UPDATE 2023
Ocularist
Measures and fits patients with artificial eyes
Orthoptist
Helps with diagnosis, management, and non-surgical treatment of eye muscle
imbalances
Optician
Dispenses eyeglasses and contact lenses from prescriptions supplied by others
Optometrist
Prescribes and/or fits eyeglasses and contact lenses and screens for eye diseases as a
non-physician professional
Ophthalmologist
Prevents, diagnoses, and medically and surgically treats problems of the eye as a
medical doctor
Ophthalmic Medical Assistant
Helps the doctor in a variety of clinical and administrative tasks
Ethics
Moral principles and values that govern behavior
4 Primary structures included in the adnexa:
-orbit
-extraocular muscles
-eyelids
-tear-producing and tear-draining lacrimal apparatus
Orbit
A pear-shaped bony cavity in the skull. Its function is to house the globe, blood vessels,
and the nerves
Medial rectus
Inward rotation
Superior rectus
Upward rotation
Inferior rectus
Downward rotation
Lateral rectus
Outward rotation
Inferior oblique
Upward and outward rotation
Superior Oblique
Downward and outward rotation
3 functions of eyelids
-helps protect the eye from injury
-exclude light
-aid in lubrication of ocular surface
2 principle functions of lacrimal apparatus
,-produces tears
-ducts drain the excess fluid from the front of the eyes to the nose
Layers of Tear Film; Outer Layer
Helps prevent evaporation of moisture from the middle layer
Layers of Tear Film; Middle Layer
Tear film that supplies moisture, oxygen, and nutrients to the cornea
Layers of Tear Film; Inner Layer
Promotes an even spread of the tear film over the cornea
Corneal Epithelium
Serves as the first line of defense against infection and injury
Descemet's Membrane
Contributes rigidity
Stroma
Contributes rigidity
Bowman's Membrane
Acts as an anchor for the epithelium
Corneal Endothelium
Maintains proper fluid balance
Sclera
Structural component of the globe that protects the intraocular contents
Ciliary Process
Secretes aqueous humor that fills the anterior and posterior chambers
Choroid
Supplies nourishing blood to the outer layers of the retina; lies between the sclera and
the retina in the uveal tract
Crystalline Lens
Structure that provides the eye's focusing power
Accomodation
The process by which the curvature of the crystalline lens changes in order to focus
images of objects that are close to the eye; increases focusing power
Zonules
Transparent fibers that connect the lens to the ciliary body
Vitreous
Acts as a shock absorber and maintains the shape of the globe
Rods
Largely responsible for vision in reduced light and for peripheral vision
Cones
Provide sharp central vision and perception of color
Symptom vs. Sign
Symptoms tend to be more subjective and/or personal whereas signs are objective
Syndrome
Term given to a set of signs and symptoms that is characteristic of a specific condition
or disease
Protopsis/Exophthalmos
Protrusion of the eyeball caused by an increase in orbital volume
Orbital Cellulitis
, Swollen eyelids and red eyes
Strabismus
A misalignment of the eyes that may cause vision to be disturbed; can be congenital or
caused by nerve paralysis or a muscle losing elasticity
External Hordeolum
Abscess that is caused by infection of a glad surrounding a lash follicle
Chalazion (Internal Hordeolum)
A non-tender solid bump under the eyelid; chronic inflammation resulting from an
obstructed meibomian gland in the eyelid; associated with infection
Blepharitis
Red and encrusted lid margin
Ptosis
Droopy upper lid
Ectropion
Outward turning of lid margins
Entropion
Inward turning of lid margins
Trichiasis
Eyelashes rubbing against the eyeball, usually causing irritation
Lagophthalmos
Globe is not completely covered when lids are closed
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (K-sicca)
Inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva caused by dry eyes
Dacryocystitis
Condition resulting from inflammation of the lacrimal sac
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Thick, mucopurulent discharge
Viral Conjunctivitis
Produces a watery discharge; everted eyelid appears to be covered with hundreds of
tiny bumps
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Tearing, itching, redness, and swelling
Pinguecula
Small, benign yellow-white mass on conjunctiva
Pterygium
Wedge-shaped growth on the cornea
Abduction
Movement of the eye outward toward the temple
Aberrometry
The measurement of optical aberrations of the visual system using a device called a
wavefront analyzer or an aberrometer
Abrasion
A scratch
Abscess
A localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue
Absolute Scotoma
UPDATE 2023
Ocularist
Measures and fits patients with artificial eyes
Orthoptist
Helps with diagnosis, management, and non-surgical treatment of eye muscle
imbalances
Optician
Dispenses eyeglasses and contact lenses from prescriptions supplied by others
Optometrist
Prescribes and/or fits eyeglasses and contact lenses and screens for eye diseases as a
non-physician professional
Ophthalmologist
Prevents, diagnoses, and medically and surgically treats problems of the eye as a
medical doctor
Ophthalmic Medical Assistant
Helps the doctor in a variety of clinical and administrative tasks
Ethics
Moral principles and values that govern behavior
4 Primary structures included in the adnexa:
-orbit
-extraocular muscles
-eyelids
-tear-producing and tear-draining lacrimal apparatus
Orbit
A pear-shaped bony cavity in the skull. Its function is to house the globe, blood vessels,
and the nerves
Medial rectus
Inward rotation
Superior rectus
Upward rotation
Inferior rectus
Downward rotation
Lateral rectus
Outward rotation
Inferior oblique
Upward and outward rotation
Superior Oblique
Downward and outward rotation
3 functions of eyelids
-helps protect the eye from injury
-exclude light
-aid in lubrication of ocular surface
2 principle functions of lacrimal apparatus
,-produces tears
-ducts drain the excess fluid from the front of the eyes to the nose
Layers of Tear Film; Outer Layer
Helps prevent evaporation of moisture from the middle layer
Layers of Tear Film; Middle Layer
Tear film that supplies moisture, oxygen, and nutrients to the cornea
Layers of Tear Film; Inner Layer
Promotes an even spread of the tear film over the cornea
Corneal Epithelium
Serves as the first line of defense against infection and injury
Descemet's Membrane
Contributes rigidity
Stroma
Contributes rigidity
Bowman's Membrane
Acts as an anchor for the epithelium
Corneal Endothelium
Maintains proper fluid balance
Sclera
Structural component of the globe that protects the intraocular contents
Ciliary Process
Secretes aqueous humor that fills the anterior and posterior chambers
Choroid
Supplies nourishing blood to the outer layers of the retina; lies between the sclera and
the retina in the uveal tract
Crystalline Lens
Structure that provides the eye's focusing power
Accomodation
The process by which the curvature of the crystalline lens changes in order to focus
images of objects that are close to the eye; increases focusing power
Zonules
Transparent fibers that connect the lens to the ciliary body
Vitreous
Acts as a shock absorber and maintains the shape of the globe
Rods
Largely responsible for vision in reduced light and for peripheral vision
Cones
Provide sharp central vision and perception of color
Symptom vs. Sign
Symptoms tend to be more subjective and/or personal whereas signs are objective
Syndrome
Term given to a set of signs and symptoms that is characteristic of a specific condition
or disease
Protopsis/Exophthalmos
Protrusion of the eyeball caused by an increase in orbital volume
Orbital Cellulitis
, Swollen eyelids and red eyes
Strabismus
A misalignment of the eyes that may cause vision to be disturbed; can be congenital or
caused by nerve paralysis or a muscle losing elasticity
External Hordeolum
Abscess that is caused by infection of a glad surrounding a lash follicle
Chalazion (Internal Hordeolum)
A non-tender solid bump under the eyelid; chronic inflammation resulting from an
obstructed meibomian gland in the eyelid; associated with infection
Blepharitis
Red and encrusted lid margin
Ptosis
Droopy upper lid
Ectropion
Outward turning of lid margins
Entropion
Inward turning of lid margins
Trichiasis
Eyelashes rubbing against the eyeball, usually causing irritation
Lagophthalmos
Globe is not completely covered when lids are closed
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (K-sicca)
Inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva caused by dry eyes
Dacryocystitis
Condition resulting from inflammation of the lacrimal sac
Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Thick, mucopurulent discharge
Viral Conjunctivitis
Produces a watery discharge; everted eyelid appears to be covered with hundreds of
tiny bumps
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Tearing, itching, redness, and swelling
Pinguecula
Small, benign yellow-white mass on conjunctiva
Pterygium
Wedge-shaped growth on the cornea
Abduction
Movement of the eye outward toward the temple
Aberrometry
The measurement of optical aberrations of the visual system using a device called a
wavefront analyzer or an aberrometer
Abrasion
A scratch
Abscess
A localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue
Absolute Scotoma
