MATERIALS SCIENCE and ENGINEERING
An Introduction
9E
William D. Callister, Jr.
David G. Rethwisch
,
,Characteristics of Selected Elements
Atomic Density of Crystal Atomic Ionic Most Melting
Atomic Weight Solid, 20ⴗC Structure, Radius Radius Common Point
Element Symbol Number (amu) (g/cm3) 20ⴗC (nm) (nm) Valence (ⴗC)
Aluminum Al 13 26.98 2.71 FCC 0.143 0.053 3⫹ 660.4
Argon Ar 18 39.95 — — — — Inert ⫺189.2
Barium Ba 56 137.33 3.5 BCC 0.217 0.136 2⫹ 725
Beryllium Be 4 9.012 1.85 HCP 0.114 0.035 2⫹ 1278
Boron B 5 10.81 2.34 Rhomb. — 0.023 3⫹ 2300
Bromine Br 35 79.90 — — — 0.196 1⫺ ⫺7.2
Cadmium Cd 48 112.41 8.65 HCP 0.149 0.095 2⫹ 321
Calcium Ca 20 40.08 1.55 FCC 0.197 0.100 2⫹ 839
Carbon C 6 12.011 2.25 Hex. 0.071 ⬃0.016 4⫹ (sublimes at 3367)
Cesium Cs 55 132.91 1.87 BCC 0.265 0.170 1⫹ 28.4
Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 — — — 0.181 1⫺ ⫺101
Chromium Cr 24 52.00 7.19 BCC 0.125 0.063 3⫹ 1875
Cobalt Co 27 58.93 8.9 HCP 0.125 0.072 2⫹ 1495
Copper Cu 29 63.55 8.94 FCC 0.128 0.096 1⫹ 1085
Fluorine F 9 19.00 — — — 0.133 1⫺ ⫺220
Gallium Ga 31 69.72 5.90 Ortho. 0.122 0.062 3⫹ 29.8
Germanium Ge 32 72.64 5.32 Dia. cubic 0.122 0.053 4⫹ 937
Gold Au 79 196.97 19.32 FCC 0.144 0.137 1⫹ 1064
Helium He 2 4.003 — — — — Inert ⫺272 (at 26 atm)
Hydrogen H 1 1.008 — — — 0.154 1⫹ ⫺259
Iodine I 53 126.91 4.93 Ortho. 0.136 0.220 1⫺ 114
Iron Fe 26 55.85 7.87 BCC 0.124 0.077 2⫹ 1538
Lead Pb 82 207.2 11.35 FCC 0.175 0.120 2⫹ 327
Lithium Li 3 6.94 0.534 BCC 0.152 0.068 1⫹ 181
Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 1.74 HCP 0.160 0.072 2⫹ 649
Manganese Mn 25 54.94 7.44 Cubic 0.112 0.067 2⫹ 1244
Mercury Hg 80 200.59 — — — 0.110 2⫹ ⫺38.8
Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 10.22 BCC 0.136 0.070 4⫹ 2617
Neon Ne 10 20.18 — — — — Inert ⫺248.7
Nickel Ni 28 58.69 8.90 FCC 0.125 0.069 2⫹ 1455
Niobium Nb 41 92.91 8.57 BCC 0.143 0.069 5⫹ 2468
Nitrogen N 7 14.007 — — — 0.01–0.02 5⫹ ⫺209.9
Oxygen O 8 16.00 — — — 0.140 2⫺ ⫺218.4
Phosphorus P 15 30.97 1.82 Ortho. 0.109 0.035 5⫹ 44.1
Platinum Pt 78 195.08 21.45 FCC 0.139 0.080 2⫹ 1772
Potassium K 19 39.10 0.862 BCC 0.231 0.138 1⫹ 63
Silicon Si 14 28.09 2.33 Dia. cubic 0.118 0.040 4⫹ 1410
Silver Ag 47 107.87 10.49 FCC 0.144 0.126 1⫹ 962
Sodium Na 11 22.99 0.971 BCC 0.186 0.102 1⫹ 98
Sulfur S 16 32.06 2.07 Ortho. 0.106 0.184 2⫺ 113
Tin Sn 50 118.71 7.27 Tetra. 0.151 0.071 4⫹ 232
Titanium Ti 22 47.87 4.51 HCP 0.145 0.068 4⫹ 1668
Tungsten W 74 183.84 19.3 BCC 0.137 0.070 4⫹ 3410
Vanadium V 23 50.94 6.1 BCC 0.132 0.059 5⫹ 1890
Zinc Zn 30 65.41 7.13 HCP 0.133 0.074 2⫹ 420
Zirconium Zr 40 91.22 6.51 HCP 0.159 0.079 4⫹ 1852
, Values of Selected Physical Constants
Quantity Symbol SI Units cgs Units
Avogadro’s number NA 6.022 ⫻ 10 23
6.022 ⫻ 1023
molecules/mol molecules/mol
Boltzmann’s constant k 1.38 ⫻ 10⫺23 J/atom # K 1.38 ⫻ 10⫺16 erg/atom # K
8.62 ⫻ 10⫺5 eV/atom # K
Bohr magneton mB 9.27 ⫻ 10⫺24 A # m2 9.27 ⫻ 10⫺21 erg/gaussa
Electron charge e 1.602 ⫻ 10⫺19 C 4.8 ⫻ 10⫺10 statcoulb
Electron mass — 9.11 ⫻ 10⫺31 kg 9.11 ⫻ 10⫺28 g
Gas constant R 8.31 J/mol # K 1.987 cal/mol # K
Permeability of a vacuum m0 1.257 ⫻ 10⫺6 henry/m unitya
Permittivity of a vacuum ⑀0 8.85 ⫻ 10⫺12 farad/m unityb
Planck’s constant h 6.63 ⫻ 10⫺34 J # s 6.63 ⫻ 10⫺27 erg # s
4.13 ⫻ 10⫺15 eV # s
Velocity of light in a vacuum c 3 ⫻ 108 m/s 3 ⫻ 1010 cm/s
a
In cgs-emu units.
b
In cgs-esu units.
Unit Abbreviations
A ⫽ ampere in. ⫽ inch N ⫽ newton
Å ⫽ angstrom J⫽ joule nm ⫽ nanometer
Btu ⫽ British thermal unit K⫽ degrees Kelvin P ⫽ poise
C ⫽ Coulomb kg ⫽ kilogram Pa ⫽ Pascal
⬚C ⫽ degrees Celsius lbf ⫽ pound force s ⫽ second
cal ⫽ calorie (gram) lbm ⫽ pound mass T ⫽ temperature
cm ⫽ centimeter m⫽ meter m ⫽ micrometer
eV ⫽ electron volt Mg ⫽ megagram (micron)
⬚F ⫽ degrees Fahrenheit mm ⫽ millimeter W ⫽ watt
ft ⫽ foot mol ⫽ mole psi ⫽ pounds per square
g ⫽ gram MPa ⫽ megapascal inch
SI Multiple and Submultiple Prefixes
Factor by Which
Multiplied Prefix Symbol
9
10 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
10⫺2 centia c
10⫺3 milli m
10⫺6 micro
10⫺9 nano n
10⫺12 pico p
a
Avoided when possible.
An Introduction
9E
William D. Callister, Jr.
David G. Rethwisch
,
,Characteristics of Selected Elements
Atomic Density of Crystal Atomic Ionic Most Melting
Atomic Weight Solid, 20ⴗC Structure, Radius Radius Common Point
Element Symbol Number (amu) (g/cm3) 20ⴗC (nm) (nm) Valence (ⴗC)
Aluminum Al 13 26.98 2.71 FCC 0.143 0.053 3⫹ 660.4
Argon Ar 18 39.95 — — — — Inert ⫺189.2
Barium Ba 56 137.33 3.5 BCC 0.217 0.136 2⫹ 725
Beryllium Be 4 9.012 1.85 HCP 0.114 0.035 2⫹ 1278
Boron B 5 10.81 2.34 Rhomb. — 0.023 3⫹ 2300
Bromine Br 35 79.90 — — — 0.196 1⫺ ⫺7.2
Cadmium Cd 48 112.41 8.65 HCP 0.149 0.095 2⫹ 321
Calcium Ca 20 40.08 1.55 FCC 0.197 0.100 2⫹ 839
Carbon C 6 12.011 2.25 Hex. 0.071 ⬃0.016 4⫹ (sublimes at 3367)
Cesium Cs 55 132.91 1.87 BCC 0.265 0.170 1⫹ 28.4
Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 — — — 0.181 1⫺ ⫺101
Chromium Cr 24 52.00 7.19 BCC 0.125 0.063 3⫹ 1875
Cobalt Co 27 58.93 8.9 HCP 0.125 0.072 2⫹ 1495
Copper Cu 29 63.55 8.94 FCC 0.128 0.096 1⫹ 1085
Fluorine F 9 19.00 — — — 0.133 1⫺ ⫺220
Gallium Ga 31 69.72 5.90 Ortho. 0.122 0.062 3⫹ 29.8
Germanium Ge 32 72.64 5.32 Dia. cubic 0.122 0.053 4⫹ 937
Gold Au 79 196.97 19.32 FCC 0.144 0.137 1⫹ 1064
Helium He 2 4.003 — — — — Inert ⫺272 (at 26 atm)
Hydrogen H 1 1.008 — — — 0.154 1⫹ ⫺259
Iodine I 53 126.91 4.93 Ortho. 0.136 0.220 1⫺ 114
Iron Fe 26 55.85 7.87 BCC 0.124 0.077 2⫹ 1538
Lead Pb 82 207.2 11.35 FCC 0.175 0.120 2⫹ 327
Lithium Li 3 6.94 0.534 BCC 0.152 0.068 1⫹ 181
Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 1.74 HCP 0.160 0.072 2⫹ 649
Manganese Mn 25 54.94 7.44 Cubic 0.112 0.067 2⫹ 1244
Mercury Hg 80 200.59 — — — 0.110 2⫹ ⫺38.8
Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 10.22 BCC 0.136 0.070 4⫹ 2617
Neon Ne 10 20.18 — — — — Inert ⫺248.7
Nickel Ni 28 58.69 8.90 FCC 0.125 0.069 2⫹ 1455
Niobium Nb 41 92.91 8.57 BCC 0.143 0.069 5⫹ 2468
Nitrogen N 7 14.007 — — — 0.01–0.02 5⫹ ⫺209.9
Oxygen O 8 16.00 — — — 0.140 2⫺ ⫺218.4
Phosphorus P 15 30.97 1.82 Ortho. 0.109 0.035 5⫹ 44.1
Platinum Pt 78 195.08 21.45 FCC 0.139 0.080 2⫹ 1772
Potassium K 19 39.10 0.862 BCC 0.231 0.138 1⫹ 63
Silicon Si 14 28.09 2.33 Dia. cubic 0.118 0.040 4⫹ 1410
Silver Ag 47 107.87 10.49 FCC 0.144 0.126 1⫹ 962
Sodium Na 11 22.99 0.971 BCC 0.186 0.102 1⫹ 98
Sulfur S 16 32.06 2.07 Ortho. 0.106 0.184 2⫺ 113
Tin Sn 50 118.71 7.27 Tetra. 0.151 0.071 4⫹ 232
Titanium Ti 22 47.87 4.51 HCP 0.145 0.068 4⫹ 1668
Tungsten W 74 183.84 19.3 BCC 0.137 0.070 4⫹ 3410
Vanadium V 23 50.94 6.1 BCC 0.132 0.059 5⫹ 1890
Zinc Zn 30 65.41 7.13 HCP 0.133 0.074 2⫹ 420
Zirconium Zr 40 91.22 6.51 HCP 0.159 0.079 4⫹ 1852
, Values of Selected Physical Constants
Quantity Symbol SI Units cgs Units
Avogadro’s number NA 6.022 ⫻ 10 23
6.022 ⫻ 1023
molecules/mol molecules/mol
Boltzmann’s constant k 1.38 ⫻ 10⫺23 J/atom # K 1.38 ⫻ 10⫺16 erg/atom # K
8.62 ⫻ 10⫺5 eV/atom # K
Bohr magneton mB 9.27 ⫻ 10⫺24 A # m2 9.27 ⫻ 10⫺21 erg/gaussa
Electron charge e 1.602 ⫻ 10⫺19 C 4.8 ⫻ 10⫺10 statcoulb
Electron mass — 9.11 ⫻ 10⫺31 kg 9.11 ⫻ 10⫺28 g
Gas constant R 8.31 J/mol # K 1.987 cal/mol # K
Permeability of a vacuum m0 1.257 ⫻ 10⫺6 henry/m unitya
Permittivity of a vacuum ⑀0 8.85 ⫻ 10⫺12 farad/m unityb
Planck’s constant h 6.63 ⫻ 10⫺34 J # s 6.63 ⫻ 10⫺27 erg # s
4.13 ⫻ 10⫺15 eV # s
Velocity of light in a vacuum c 3 ⫻ 108 m/s 3 ⫻ 1010 cm/s
a
In cgs-emu units.
b
In cgs-esu units.
Unit Abbreviations
A ⫽ ampere in. ⫽ inch N ⫽ newton
Å ⫽ angstrom J⫽ joule nm ⫽ nanometer
Btu ⫽ British thermal unit K⫽ degrees Kelvin P ⫽ poise
C ⫽ Coulomb kg ⫽ kilogram Pa ⫽ Pascal
⬚C ⫽ degrees Celsius lbf ⫽ pound force s ⫽ second
cal ⫽ calorie (gram) lbm ⫽ pound mass T ⫽ temperature
cm ⫽ centimeter m⫽ meter m ⫽ micrometer
eV ⫽ electron volt Mg ⫽ megagram (micron)
⬚F ⫽ degrees Fahrenheit mm ⫽ millimeter W ⫽ watt
ft ⫽ foot mol ⫽ mole psi ⫽ pounds per square
g ⫽ gram MPa ⫽ megapascal inch
SI Multiple and Submultiple Prefixes
Factor by Which
Multiplied Prefix Symbol
9
10 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
10⫺2 centia c
10⫺3 milli m
10⫺6 micro
10⫺9 nano n
10⫺12 pico p
a
Avoided when possible.
